Medea’s situation Essay

Dogan people in the city who didn’t believe Cassandra because she was an outsider. In this play it  was learned that sometimes the most insightful people are the outsiders because they are not blinded by the normal activities of the main characters.  Another minor character that foretells the future is Medea’s nurse in The Medea. The Nurse has a different situation than Cassandra. She is more familiar with Meadea and her children and knows of their daily activities. She begins to have insight on Medea’s situation when Medea starts to see a change in her relationships between Jason and her children. She first foretells the murder of Medea’s children, who were indeed murdered but by Medea herself. In the very beginning of the story, the Nurse talks about Medea’s dwindling love for Jason. â€Å"But now there’s hatred everywhere, Love is diseased.†Ã‚  (Greene, Lattimore, Euripides I, 59)  With her love for Jason waning, she begins to think less and less of her children because they remind her of him.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"She has turned from the children and does not see them./I am afraid she may think of some dreadful thing,/For her heart is violent.† (Greene, Lattimore, Euripides I, 60)  With her heart â€Å"violent†, she doesn’t think anymore of the children except to carry out her evil plan which is to kill Creusa. Another quote that shows the deterioration of Jason’s and Medea’s relationship is the conversation that the Nurse and the Tutor were having. â€Å"And will Jason put up with it that his children/Should suffer so, though he’s no friend to their mother?† (Greene, Lattimore,  Dogan 4  Euripides I, 61)  The Nurse is showing her concern here when she asks about what would Jason do about his children since he’s not in love with Medea anymore. Towards the end, it is subtly made known that Jason only wanted the children as heirs to the throne that he did not take because Medea killed Creusa. The Nurse may not have foreshadowed as much as Cassandra did, but she gave the reader an idea of what was going to happen to the children.  In conclusion, minor characters do have some meaning plot-wise. They are not blinded by the everyday life of the main characters allowing them to see the obvious without the help from others. Without them, the story would be mainly about two or more parties and their actions minus the suspense that the minor character gives the reader. (947) Works Cited Greene, David and Lattimore, Richard, eds. Aeschylus I. The University of Chicago. 1953.

Prejudice In Organizations Essay

?Question 2: Prejudice can be hurtful and destructive – discuss how you can personally reduce prejudice in your workplace – please provide an example. Prejudice can be described as a word which is derived from the Latin word Prae Judicium meaning ‘to try in advance’ (Clawson et al: 1990). Prejudice happens when we pre-judge individuals on first encounter about their character or appeal. Most individuals who are prejudiced are usually rigid in their prejudices and their beliefs are unsubstantiated. Prejudice can create serious tension in an organization because it has the potential to strain interpersonal relationships in a workplace. People can practice prejudices in various forms. Some of the areas of potential prejudice could be gender, race, age, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity and physical disabilities. Prejudices can be systematically dealt with in the workplace. I work for one of the United Nations (UN) agencies. The UN has noted and is mindful of potential prejudices that can exist in the workplace, especially that the workplace is made up of employees from various countries, backgrounds, ethnic groupings, varying religious beliefs (including atheists), sexual orientation, races and as an organization, The organisation has a very diverse workforce. This diversity has not been ignored. The UN has taken deliberate steps to introduce workplace policies that encourage tolerance amongst employees and in turn, tolerance in the communities in which we serve. The policies are part of the orientation package for every new employee who joins the UN. There are Executive Directives (EXDs) that are issued and reviewed on an ongoing basis. In the current directive, disagreement between a staff member and supervisor is not considered as prejudice. The policies are clear on the definition of prejudices and also on the consequences of perpetuating the vice. If I were to be found in a work environment where prejudices are rife, I would first of all admit that prejudices are real and we all have some form of prejudices. The first step to deal with a problem is to admit that you have one. You can only begin to work on one’s prejudices once they realize they have them, and they can begin to work more carefully with the prejudices of others without anger and force (Clawson et al: 1990). It’s a realization that we all have them that helps us to deal with them. Members of staff in an organization, must be allowed to deal with perceived prejudices. It is not advisable to pretend that the problem does not exist as it becomes difficult to deal with a hidden or unperceived problem. Once the problem has been identified, then comes the process of working on your own as well as the prejudices of others in the organisation. This can be achieved through redirecting prejudiced statements by colleagues towards functional discrimination e. g. instead of lamenting how a workmate or subordinate is not achieving her objectives because she is a woman, this can be countered by a statement that shows how previously, a male colleague had also failed in a similar position to show that, gender has nothing to do with functioning in a position. For prejudices which are merely based on ignorance like â€Å"all Muslims are terrorists†, it would be helpful to team up Muslim staff members and some of the staff members who are holding on to this kind of prejudice. That way, it allows them to interact at a personal level and get the truth about Islam. If this doesn’t work, then interactions between such colleagues should either be kept to the minimum or topics of discussion should stir away from sensitive issues. I would also learn to listen to others with an open mind, not listening with an intention to respond as this is likely to attract judgmental behaviour. In a multi ethnic organisation, learning about the cultures of other countries helps us be more tolerant. People are more likely to react in a certain way because of the environments they have been brought up in. Prejudices will always exist in organisations, it would therefore helpful to encourage tolerance among employees, this can be achieved through deliberate company policy, sensitisation and clear consequences for behaviour promotes prejudice.

Buddhism, Legitimation, and Conflict: The Political Functions of Urban Thai Buddhism Essay

Ideally, Buddhism is a religion with a huge following whereby the believers in the religion follow and interact socially with the Dharma doctrine which is basically what the Buddha taught or his way of living. Dharma is the path to attain such enlightenment and the teachings of Buddha and through the following of Buddhists traditions shows the variances in attaining Dharma and reaching enlightenment. The Buddha way of teaching is only considered helpful to individuals if it is practiced with discipline what the Buddha’s themselves called the VinayaCITATION Jac07 p 44 l 1033 (Jackson 44). The understanding of Buddhism is expressed by the acts of those who abide unwillingly to the apparition of Dharma-Vinaya and preach its beliefs to the masses. Like many other religions, Buddhists have multiple sects and traditions. In essence, the ultimate goal for all Buddhists is to attain enlightenment. Theraveda Buddhism accounts for nearly ninety five percent of the population in Thailand and this shows just how much Buddhism more than any other religion is influential in Thailand. In the long history of the existence of Thailand, the citizens seem to have been predominantly Buddhist by religion at least from the moment they were acquainted with it. Current historical records show that all the previous kings of Thailand were adherents of Buddhism. Most notable is the fact that the Thai constitution clearly states that a Thai King must be a Buddhist and as a result, must be the ultimate upholder of Buddhism. Theravada School of Buddhism has been one of the three major forces that have influence in the country. Despite the existence of substantial regional and local variations, the major themes of Buddhism in Thailand are provided by the Theravada schoolCITATION Mac07 p 87 l 1033 (Mackenzie 87). Traditionally, Pali is the language of religion in Thailand as evidenced by the fact that the scriptures are recorded in Pali through the older Tham and Khom scripts or the modern Thai script. As the primary religious Thai text, Pali is also used in religious rite despite the little number of Thai citizens who understand it. Hindu beliefs from Cambodia also serves are a significant influence on Buddhism in Thailand especially during the Sukothai period. The Thai kingship institution was largely influenced by Vedic Hinduism just as it did in Cambodia which as a result exerted influence in the creation of law and order in the society and religion of Thailand. There are certain rituals that are still practiced in modern Thailand by monks or specialists in Hindu rituals that can clearly be related to Hind practices or of Hindu origin. Essentially, Hindu influence can still be seen within Buddhist ceremonies and institutions in Thailand despite the fact that the visibility of Hinduism within Thai society has diminished significantly during the Chakri DynastyCITATION Suk10 p 34 l 1033 (Suksamran 34). Folk religion is the third major influence on Thai Buddhism as seen in the Buddhist rituals and precepts that are used in trying to appease the local spirits. Although the Thais who have received Western education often tend to define the line between practices of folk religion and Thai Buddhism, this is quite a gray area given the practices of the rural locales. An in-depth analysis of these three influences can clearly be traced through the current development and practices within the political system of Thailand. One of the most striking things that one notices upon arrival in Thailand is the magnificent Buddhist temple with its exquisite architecture coupled with the sight of monks and novices in yellow clad especially in the wee hours of the day. This sight serves as an inevitable reminder to both residents and foreigners of the dominance of Buddhism in the Thai nation Despite the fact that Thailand currently exists as a constitutional monarchy, its political system is quite a reflection of the string Southeast Asian tradition of Buddhist supremacy nature that link the legitimacy of the government to its support and protection for Buddhist institutions. This link has progressed into the modern era as seen in cases where Buddhist clergy and institutions are given special treatment by the Thai government as well as being subjected to a special government oversightCITATION Jac07 p 90 l 1033 (Jackson 90). Besides the cleric leadership of the Sangha, Buddhist temples and monks in Thailand are supervised by a profane government ministry. Good examples of these occurrences have been seen in the legal state of reform movements and Buddhist sects. For example , the case of Santi Asoke received legal prohibition from referring to itself as a Buddhist denomination and in the prosecution of monks who have been persecuted in the case of ordaining women by trying to revive lineage of the Theravada bhikkhuni and in so doing tried to impersonate clergy members hence their demiseCITATION Mac07 p 111 l 1033 (Mackenzie 111). A further examination of the Buddhist ways reveals certain themes and guidelines in the religious teachings of Buddha. The Srakakayana literally translates as the disciples. This is important to the Thai faith because as Buddhists listen to the teachings of Buddha and practice the teachings therefore becoming disciples. They thus listen to the text and scriptures then they can f ind their way to salvation. Generally, this concentration allows them to realize Dharma through listening and practicing. For a monk in Thailand to obtain a passport in order to travel abroad, one must have a Buddhist monk identification card, an official letter granting the permission to travel outside Thailand from the Sangha Supreme Council, any initial Thai passport or a certified equivalent thereof and a copy of House Registration. Beside these insurmountable acts of state recognition and support from the Thai state like the official gifts to monasteries from officials within the royal family and the government , Buddhist monks have quite a number of special rights bestowed upon them. Buddhist monks have access to free public transportation in airports and train stations where they often have special seating allocations. There is no law that directly forbids members of Buddhist institutions like monks and nuns from being candidates in the enrollment for recruitment as government officers. However, both the Sangha Supreme Council which serves as the supervising agency for Thai Buddhist communities a nd the Council of Ministers have placed such prohibition in cases of appropriateness in accordance with the Memorandum of the Administrative Department of the CabinetCITATION Suk10 p 127 l 1033 (Suksamran 127) . On the contrary, it is a crime for ordained monastic to stand for office or vote in elections. No member of the Buddhist community or other religious communities is entitled to either elect or be elected for any government position. The Thai constitution disfranchises a monk, novice, clergy member or priest of Buddhist religion from holding any government post. In addition, any member who is elected as a representative will lose membership upon becoming a Buddhist monk, nun or clergy. This illustrates a clear fact that Buddhist members are not in any way appropriate for Thai politics. The existence of Buddhists members like monks and nuns highly depends on the respect of the public and as a result, society expects them to behave in a way that calls for respect for the entire public and not a specific affiliate communityCITATION Jac07 p 221 l 1033 (Jackson 221). Any involvement by a Buddhist member either in support or participation of an election is considered a breach of the unusual conduct of the law and the Buddhist member is considered to have disgraced his religion, community as well as himself. Thus failure of monk or nun to uphold these stipulated rules is ground enough for them to condemned, disrespected and balked at in various ways. Since 2007 there have been several calls by Thai Buddhists to acquire recognition within the new constitution of Thailand as a state religion. Initially, this suggestion received rejection from the committee that was responsible for drafting the new constitution which consequently triggered quite a number of protests from those who supported the initiative such as a hunger strike by twelve of the Buddhist monk and various protest marches within the capital of ThailandCITATION Mac07 p 210 l 1033 (Mackenzie 210). Opponents of the plan, including Sulak Sivaraksa who is a renowned Thai social critic and scholar, did so based on claims that political gain is the driving force behind the call to declare Buddhism as a national religion and that it may have manipulated by the Thai supported Thaksin Sinawatra who had just been ousted as the country’s Prime Minister. As expected the Committee drafting the constitution later on failed to vote in support of the special status of Buddhism and in so doing provoked intense reaction from religious groups which criticized the committee for being impartial to religious affiliates. The issue also caught the attention of the Queen of Thailand who raised concerns over the matter and on her birthday, she delivered a speech through which she highlighted the notion that Buddhism goes way beyond politics. The reclusive politics of Thailand is in complete upheaval. The Sangha can no longer be dismissed as political force and simply perceived as a legitimacy fount for the country and for the monarchy. The role played by hundreds of monks in ProThaksin redshirts between March and May of 2010 are a clear proof of the growing apprehension within Buddhism. However, beyond these intense displays of complete lack of satisfaction, an important fact is the Buddhism and in this case the Sangha, faces quite a number of serious challenges. From a Buddhist perspective, the solution of Thailand’s approach to Buddhism is twofold. First and foremost, there should be a link between Buddhist base communities in Thailand to create a relatively decentralized society that can thereafter serve as a model for religion. The second solution lays in the attainment of a society that is more just on a national level through fighting for political reforms steered by Buddhist thinkers. The newly established Thai constitution that includes a democratic process that is reformed with a balance of power and structural check serves as a stepping stone towards structural change within Thailand’s political system. References Jackson , Peter A. Buddhism, Legitimation, and Conflict: The Political Functions of Urban Thai Buddhism. Bangkok: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2007. Mackenzie, Rory . New Buddhist Movements in Thailand: Towards an Understanding of Wat Phra Dhammakaya and Santi Asoke. New York: Routledge, 2007. Suksamran, Somboon . Buddhism and Politics in Thailand: A Study of Socio-political Change and Political Activism of the Thai Sangha. Bangkok: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010. Source document

Case Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Report - Essay Example The importance of the right of the accused to be assisted with a counsel before answering questions during custodial investigation was the significant principle laid down in this case. The â€Å"Miranda rights† is referred to as the right of the accused to a counsel which has the following wordings: You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to have an attorney present during questioning. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you." Absence of the Miranda rights shall render the admission of the accused as inadmissible in evidence and shall be regarded as the fruit of a poisonous tree. Further, any statement obtained from the accused by the police during custodial investigation shall not be admitted as evidence during trial unless it can be proven that the accused voluntarily offered the confession after having been informed of his rights and fully understanding the consequen ces of his actions, with or without assistance of a counsel, which shall be considered as a valid waiver on his part. On March of 1963, the accused, Ernesto Arturo Miranda from Phoenix, Arizona, was arrested following the charge of rape and kidnapping of an 18-year-old movie theater  attendant. During custodial investigation, he confessed commission of the crimes of robbery and attempted rape. During trial, his confession, together with the testimony of the victim were used against him, despite the objections of his counsel. The officers who interrogated Miranda admitted also admitted during the trial that Miranda was not advised that he had a right to have an attorney present. His counsel argued that his Fifth Amendment rights against self incrimination were violated. Superior Court Judge Yale Mc Fate held that the confession is admissible as evidence. Thus, Miranda was convicted and sentenced to 20 to 30 years in prison to be served

Regarding Teslas direct to consumer expansion into China via opening PowerPoint Presentation

Regarding Teslas direct to consumer expansion into China via opening 12 new stores - PowerPoint Presentation Example We shall be using search research instruments like questionnaires which will have clearly defined questions. Other tools of collecting data to be applied include observation. All areas of the study will be defined before the collection of data. If we are successful the study will be able to copied or proven by future researchers. As well, it can be used to foretell future outcomes and investigate causal outcomes. According to University of Southern California Online Library for a research paper to be effective there are some rules that need following. For starters, the methodology must be reliable so that its results are not questioned. Secondly, it is imperative that readers be aware of how data being presented to them was gathered. This will give them confidence in knowing that the data is varied. A researcher must justify why they chose one methodology over another (libguides.usc.edu) Accepted standards of data collection must be applied if a methodology such as a questionnaire is used this is to make sure that the respondents were given ample time and space to answer. In deciding the research method it’s important to keep the end goal in mind this will help determine factors such as sample size. Problems incurred in the period of data collection must be accessed and with this the outcome of the final project

Work family interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Work family interview - Essay Example She also said that she has a house nanny, who helps her with the care of the children. When I asked her about her work, she said that she loves her work although sometimes it is pretty demanding. She argued that being a teacher sometimes was quite challenging because children give her a hard time (Kerka & Eric, 1991). She teaches children from the ages 6 to 12 years. Sometimes she would take long hours at work while at other times she would leave work early depending on her responsibilities for the day. She explained that on an average day’s work would last roughly eight to ten hours, but on a busy day, it would last the whole day and she would often come home late. When she expected to arrive home late she would call her house nanny to pick the children. Her children were studying in a nearby academy; therefore, she often picked them. She said that her husband was always a busy man and travelled a lot and sometimes would take an entire week from work. However, her husband was a responsible man because he always put sometime for his family despite his demanding job. When I interviewed her husband, he said that he was quite a busy man since his career required him to travel a lot. He said that he would wake up as early as 4 am in the morning and sometimes leave the house before anyone was awake. On a normal day, he woke up at 5 am in the morning and take breakfast that his wife had prepared. Sometimes he would wake up earlier than her wife and prepare breakfast for himself (Lee, Duxbury and Higgins, 1994). Most of the time, perhaps the whole week, he would never see his children since he woke up early. However, on weekends he always kept time for his children, his wife and his family. He argued that sometimes he hated his job because it made him miss his family a lot. Sometimes he wished he was the teacher just like his wife so that he would have time for his children. When her wife was not around, the

Corporate social responsibility Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Corporate social responsibility - Dissertation Example The internal and external forces that are contributory for quality management for the company to be able to enforce corporate social responsibility (Industryplayer.com, 2013). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Figure 2. Building a model for ethical corporate social responsibility (publicrelationssolutions.com, 2013). †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 Figure 3. Kim, 2006 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.30 Figure 4. Spatial options for companies on what to choose as environment for its CSR implementation (Panasonic.com.au, 2013) †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..31 Chapter 1 Introduction Corporate social responsibility has been seriously considered significant part of business leadership and in meeting the stakeholder’s expectations specially the conscientious consumers or investors who wanted to maintain a Socially Responsible Investment (SRI). Thus, corporate social responsibility entails more qualified employees and sustaining corporate political interests to meet accountability and responsibility. Purpose of the study This paper will provide a meta-analysis of the theory of corporate social responsibility and its application in business management and in envisioning a community where people are enjoying too of the corporate vision for an improved economic well-being of the community. Significance of the Study This study is imperative to contribute scholarly studies on corporate social responsibility and how the companies’ empirical experiences sup port their endeavours to gain corporate credibility and integrity. It will also facilitate in the...1-3). Transparency require that the company must publicized their annual reports to detail their achievements, their credibility and best practices, including those matters where they need improvement and where they could potentially leverage in the next period of business operations (Burja & Mihalache, 2010, pp. 1-3).The inability of the company to perform the desired targets will create internal and ex...

Business Management Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Business Management Systems - Essay Example The daily delivery of goods from the factory to the retailer or wholesaler is a project in itself, with its unique CBA (Cost Benefit Analysis) and risks. Therefore we can safely assume that the entire systems of a corporation perform as collage of small projects and if each project is not executed with perfection, the corporation will face difficulties. This bad project management results in bad financial performance and thus shareholders divest, moving to better investment options. The above argument is just a glimpse of the importance of project management. Whenever a project is undertaken a complete analysis of activities is therefore very important. There are a number of things which are very important when analyzing projects. A few significant ones are as follow: Deadlines are very important when it comes to analyzing the time it takes to complete a project. The best method to ensure that there are no problems when it comes to meeting deadlines is to divide the entire time into smaller segments. These smaller segments must then be allocated to each single activity. This gives a twofold advantage. First of all the project remains on schedule, secondly no activity is missed and times are allocated according to significance. The project manager has a better understanding of removing or adding activities according to time constraints or unforeseen developments. Most projects are oriented at generating revenues, except the nonprofit ones. The main aim of each manager engaged in a project is to find ways to reduce project cost. The reduction in cost however should not compromise on quality. The total project cost consists of many different categories. Many costs are negotiable and controllable, others however are not negotiable. The effects of inflation must also be taken into account when estimating project cost. This is another factor which emphasizes again on projects being on time. The project

Development of Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Development of Christianity - Essay Example The fourth part examines vibrant churches that declined while the fifth tackles churches in Moscow. Part six explains the dismember ship of Western Christianity with the current part portraying protestant as emerging as a result of views different from Latin Christianity rather than reforming impulses. To begin with Christianity development, MacCulloch presents Christianity development as a messy political affair shooting up through the moments of human acceptance and apprehension of God through the message of Christ Jesus. This representation occurs when writing a clear discussion on the development of Chalcedonian and Nicene in the fourth and fifth centuries resulting in Dyophysite and miaphysite camps which could give rise to any creedal Christian pause. Thus, Christianity history development presented not having a triumphalist stance. The writer in the first part plainly and loudly contextualizes the Christianity within Hellenistic and Jewish worlds. MacCulloch moves with the history of Christianity in connection to the Jews up to the New Testament and links the Jews to Jesus and the New Testament. The writer elevates Jesus above other Jews by asserting the uniqueness in Jesus calling God Abba (MacCulloch, 2010, p.81). Then proceeds to discuss a meeting arranged at Yavneh by a number of rabbis after the fall of Jerusalem. The assertion by MacCulloch remains that the meeting by rabbis saw the founding of rabbinic Judaism as an event of historiographical fiction arising in the late antiquity (MacCulloch, 2010, p.107). Similarly, (Mangina, 2010, p. 22) explains Christianity and the doctrine of faith until the conclusion that the Apocalypse concerns the God of the gospel who is the Father, Son and Holy Spirit who seeks to transform life to predictable comfortable ways. In the discussion, the author digs deeply into the development of Christianity but  fails to conclude many chapters and leaves the readers with instruction to do further research and reading. This implies lack of full knowledge by the author.

Edit the paper for the final draft submission Essay

Edit the paper for the final draft submission - Essay Example According to Aristotle, happiness is the highest good that a man can obtain and is achieved by action (Ostwald 59). Aristotle agrees that there are many good things apart from happiness. What makes happiness stand out as the highest good is that it is pursued for its own sake. It is itself an end given that it is sufficient and cannot be utilized beyond itself. For example, you cannot seek happiness so that you get a job. Other good things are pursed for the sake of other things or as a means of obtaining something else. For example, pursuing a job so as to be economically stable or get a nice social class. Hence this job must be utilized so as to obtain the economic stability desired. Aristotle’s theory is based on the reason that each man is aiming at some end. It is this desire that initiates every of their actions. Therefore, living an active virtuous life is the only way to get closer to this desired end. However, these actions are not the ones that will bring happiness. They are just a means of striving towards it. According to him, happiness is some good in which ethical life is centered around hence no one action brings happiness as it also differs for each person. For example, for a poor man, their view of happiness is in riches. As for the rich or when the poor man becomes rich, the focus shifts to honor or power. Therefore, the circle is viscous but finally reaches an end as noted by Ostwald (259). Aristotle differentiates happiness and pleasure. A pleasurable life cannot be equated to a happy life. This is because happiness is acquired by virtuous acts. To support this, he argues that human beings are rational compared to animals hence they can differentiate between pleasure and happiness. In other words, Aristotle argues that happiness is achieved by acting out of virtue. One’s moral actions should lie between the two moral extremes. Men are also supposed to seek truth through contemplation and philosophy. They can

Compare and contrast Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Compare and contrast - Essay Example For the third paragraph, it talks about the comparison and contrast of the form. The form is the description of what can be seen in the painting such as the color, geometric forms, lines, contrast of dark and light colors. It talks more on the appearance of whatever that can be seen within the artwork. For the last paragraph, it talks about the feeling of the writer about the paintings. The painting entitled â€Å"The Last Supper† was originally painted in the 15th century by Leonardo da Vinci during the Renaissance period. It is a piece of artwork painted directly on a wall in Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan with a measurement of 450 by 870 centimeters or 15 feet by 29 feet. Leonardo da Vinci painted the mural on a dry wall which means that it is not a true fresco. He sealed the stone wall with a layer of pitch, gesso and mastic then paint onto the sealing layer with tempera or in a permanent fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water-soluble binder medium. In the year 1518 to 1594, Jacobo Tintoretto painted his own version of â€Å"The Last Supper† in San Giorgo Maggiore, Venice. He painted on oil on canvass with a measurement of 12 feet by 18 feet, 8 inches. The paintings painted by da Vinci and Tintoretto are a group of people in a room particularly Jesus Christ and his twelve disciples. In Tintoretto’s painting there are other people that can be seen such as the servers and many flying images on the both sides of the top but in da Vinci’s painting only the portraits of Jesus and his disciples or apostles. Both of the paintings portray the reaction shown by each apostle when Jesus said that one of them would betray him. The effect of his words leads them to a visible response. All of the twelve apostles have different reactions to the news, with different levels of anger and shock. In da Vinci’s painting, he grouped the apostles into four groups of three united by their posture and gesture, with Jesus in

Summarry scent of apples Essay Example for Free

Summarry scent of apples Essay Job Method With Job production, the complete task is handled by a single worker or group of workers. Jobs can be small-scale/low technology as well as complex/high technology. Low technology jobs: here the organization of production is extremely simply, with the required skills and equipment easily obtainable. This method enables customers specific requirements to be included, often as the job progresses. Examples include: hairdressers; tailoring High technology jobs: high technology jobs involve much greater complexity and therefore present greater management challenge. The important ingredient in high-technology job production isproject management, or project control. The essential features of good project control for a job are: Clear definitions of objectives- how should the job progress (milestones, dates, stages) Decision-making process how are decisions taking about the needs of each process in the job, labour and other resources Examples of high technology / complex jobs: film production; large construction projects (e.g. the Millennium Dome) Batch Method As businesses grow and production volumes increase, it is not unusual to see the production process organised so that Batch methods can be used. Batch methods require that the work for any task is divided into parts or operations. Each operation is completed through the whole batch before the next operation is performed. By using the batch method, it is possible to achieve specialisation of labour. Capital expenditure can also be kept lower although careful planning is required to ensure that production equipment is not idle. The main aims of the batch method are, therefore, to: Concentrate skills (specialisation) Achieve high equipment utilisation This technique is probably the most commonly used method for organising manufacture. A good example is the production of electronic instruments. Batch methods are not without their problems. There is a high probability of poor work flow, particularly if the batches are not of the optimal size or if there is a significant difference in productivity by each operation in the process. Batch methods often result in the build up of significant work in progress or stocks (i.e. completed batches waiting for their turn to be  worked on in the next operation). Flow Methods Flow methods are similar to batch methods except that the problem of rest/idle production/batch queuing is eliminated. Flow has been defined as a method of production organisation where the task is worked on continuously or where the processing of material is continuous and progressive, The aims of flow methods are: -Improved work material flow -Reduced need for labour skills Added value / completed work faster Flow methods mean that as work on a task at a particular stage is complete, it must be passed directly to the next stage for processing without waiting for the remaining tasks in the batch. When it arrives at the next stage, work must start immediately on the next process. In order for the flow to be smooth, the times that each task requires on each stage must be of equal length and there should be no movement off the flow production line. In theory, therefore, any fault or error at a particular stage In order that flow methods can work well, several requirements must be met: (1) There must be substantially constant demand If demand is unpredictable or irregular, then the flow production line can lead to a substantial build up of stocks and possibility storage difficulties. Many businesses using flow methods get round this problem by building for stock i.e. keeping the flow line working during quiet periods of demand so that output can be produced efficiently. (2) The product and/or production tasks must be standardised Flow methods are inflexible they cannot deal effectively with variations in the product (although some variety can be accomplished through applying different finishes, decorations etc at the end of the production line). (3) Materials used in production must be to specification and delivered on time Since the flow production line is working continuously, it is not a good idea to use materials that vary in style, form or quality. Similarly, if the required materials are not available, then the whole production line will come to a close with potentially serious cost consequences. (4) Each operation in  the production flow must be carefully defined and recorded in detail (5) The output from each stage of the flow must conform to quality standards Since the output from each stage moves forward continuously, there is no room for sub-standard output to be re-worked (compare this with job or batch production where it is possible to compensate for a lack of quality by doing some extra work on the job or the batch before it is completed). The achievement of a successful production flow line requires considerable planning, particularly in ensuring that the correct production materials are delivered on time and that operations in the flow are of equal duration.

Identity and Postmodernism | Essay

Identity and Postmodernism | Essay Critically assess the contention that identities are, plural, unstable, situationally enacted, and sites of contestation. The stability or otherwise of identity has become a major battleground for sociological theorists in recent times. The infamous ‘postmodern’ turn has rendered identity a deeply problematic phenomenon. In this paper I will investigate the claim that identities are unstable sites of contestation. I will do this by examining the dissolution of identity within postmodern theory before examining both the negative and more importantly, the positive consequences of this.[1] This will enable a deeper understanding of precisely what is meant by this fluid notion of identity, and where possible criticisms and inconsistencies can be located within this theory. The debate over the stability of identity is one that is inseparably linked to postmodernism. This diverse group of theories centre around, in Lyotard’s (1984:xxiv) famous phrase, ‘incredulity toward meta-narratives.’[2] Postmodernists maintain that the project of modernity has failed, and that no single source or body of knowledge can legitimise itself as a universal measure of value or identity. This obviously has some profound effects on the ways in which we would normally think about the world. Postmodernism no longer allows us to theorise society into homogenous identities which can then be totalised in a grand-theory or meta-narrative. This is also the case when it comes to the identification of the self. Rather than the self maintaining a stable core of identity, from a postmodern perspective identity is fluid and is dependant upon where the self is historically and culturally situated. As Luntley (1985:185) notes, this conception of the self threatens the very possibility of self-identity: The loss of self-identity is threatened because if we situated the self in real historical circumstances, we would situate it in things that are contingent and constantly changing. Therefore, the self would also be constantly changing. It would be in flux and would have no continuing identity. Once the very identity of the self comes under threat, then so does the possibility of any coherency in social theorising. A postmodern society is one in which the identities of the social actors are undergoing constant transformation. Identity then becomes open to contestation as there is no longer any ultimate referent (truth, science, God etc.) to provide universal legitimation. In Lyotard’s terms, the impossibility of a grand or meta-narrative leads to the social being constructed of small narratives, none of which are necessarily more valid than another. Any theory that aims at totalising society should only be seen as one constructed from a particular perspective (e.g. one that still remains in the logic of modernity), rather than a totalising theory as such. Whilst postmodernism can be viewed as liberating and opening up seemingly limitless opportunities for re-theorising society, it does at the same time impose new problems. Firstly, there seems to be an inconsistency in the postmodernist stance, as it could be argued that the theory of the dissolution of meta-narratives is a type of meta-narrative itself. This criticism can also be applied to the postmodernist take on identity, for in arguing that identity is ultimately unstable and fluid postmodernists inadvertently provide a certain rigid structure in which identity operates (i.e. that all identity must be unstable). So whilst postmodernism is liberating on the one hand, on the other it sets limits to the very possibility of any meaningful social theory or practice. This is exemplified in the disparity between postmodern theorists, some of which view postmodernism as opening up huge opportunities for getting rid of authoritarian grand theories, others view it as essentially debilitating as the only thing that can prevail in postmodern societies is a sense of meaningless flux. Within this disagreement the postmodern analysis of identity remains reasonable intact, both sides of the argument larg ely accept that identity is fluid and unstable. By analysing this disagreement we can therefore obtain a better understanding of the various aspects of fluid identity. Jean Baudrillard (1990:160-164) for example, argues that the dissolution of identity is a process that started in the nineteenth century and was exacerbated in the twentieth. In the postmodern era, historical processes have undermined the stability of identity, so that it becomes impossible to meaningfully theorise about social identity. Rigid identity and meaning are destroyed due to the rise of global capitalism and the demise of the referents from modernity (truth, purpose, meaning and so on). ‘Gone are the referentials of production, signification, affect, substance, history, and the whole equation of â€Å"real† contents’ (Baudrillard 1988:125). Identity now becomes a radically fluid and empty vessel, which becomes temporarily filled with content that has no foundation or ultimate meaning. Whilst for Baudrillard this cannot be thought of as a particularly positive or negative phenomenon, as ‘good’ or ‘bad’ no longer have any real mea ning in postmodernity, it does render theoretical and political action largely impotent.[3] This is why in postmodernism we are presented with numerous texts heralding the end of theory, history, meaning and so on.[4] The dissolution of identity means for many postmodernists that theory and meaningful political action are no longer possible: The end of history is, alas, also the end of the dustbins of history. There are no longer any dustbins even for disposing of old ideologies, old regimes, old values †¦ Conclusion: if there are no more dustbins of history, this is because History itself has become a dustbin. It has become its own dustbin. Just as the planet itself is becoming its own dustbin. (Baudrillard 1994b:26) The negative aspects of the lack of fixity and grounded meaning in identity are thus very evident. Laclau and Mouffe on the other hand, in Hegemony and Socialist Strategy, positively embrace the fluidity and instability of identity. Indeed, they argue that the impossibility of the closure of identity is what makes the social possible (1985:112). Society as such is therefore an impossible object for Laclau and Mouffe, as the field of identities is never fixed, but the continuing attempt to do this renders the possibility of the social. Society resists closure and remains eternally negotiable as the meanings produced to bind the social together are only temporarily fixed at nodal points by articulation (1985:11). Articulation is where social relations and identities are modified. Many differing types of articulations (political, cultural, scientific an so on) are capable of doing this, but the important thing for Laclau and Mouffe is that no one particular articulation totalises and re stricts the ability for other articulations to operate freely. Laclau and Mouffe (1985:13) argue that their concept of hegemony recognises the plurality of struggles and attempts to engage with it: The concept of ‘hegemony’ will emerge precisely in a context dominated by the experience of fragmentation and by the indeterminacy of the articulations between different struggles and subject positions. Hegemony for Laclau and Mouffe refers to the ‘battleground’ of identity. As the identity of the social is fluid and open to negotiation, different types of social articulations and struggles will attempt to hegemonise society to gain recognition. While this attempt at hegemony in itself is not a negative practice for Laclau and Mouffe, successfully achieved hegemony is. It is therefore imperative that a strong egalitarian and democratic framework is in operation for this site of social hegemony. The advent of democracy is therefore a pivotal moment in social history. Here Laclau and Mouffe (1985:186-187) concur with Claude Lefort’s analyses of the ‘democratic revolution’. Society prior to democracy was thought of as a unified body with power being embodied through that of a sovereign monarch, who was the representative of a god or gods. After the democratic revolution, power becomes an empty space without reference to a transcendental guarantor or a r epresentation of substantial social unity. A split occurs between the instances of power, knowledge, and the foundations of law which are no longer absolute. Without these foundations, no law can be fixed and everything is open to questioning. Society cannot be apprehended or controlled, the people become sovereign but their identity can never be totally given. But once we are in a democratic society, we are in danger of totalitarianism. This is because a purely social power can emerge after democracy has destroyed extra-social powers, which presents its power as total and extracts from itself alone the principles of law and knowledge. As there are no longer any foundations or a centre to political power, it becomes necessary to bind together political spaces through hegemonic articulations. But these articulations will always remain partial, as they have no ultimate foundation. Any attempt to deny the radically open nature of the social will lead to totalitarianism, be it a politic s of the ‘left’ according to which every antagonism can be eliminated and society rendered transparent, or a fascist authoritarian fixing of the social into a rigid hierarchical state system. The democratic logic of equivalence can therefore be hegemonised into totalitarianism. The radical openness of identity is therefore impinged with the danger of totalitarianism for Laclau and Mouffe.[5] To avoid this, the diverse and fluid nature of identity should be embraced within an egalitarian and democratic framework, so no particular articulation may hegemonise social identity. This is difficult however as the ultimate lack of closure for identity leads to a necessarily antagonistic network of social relations. Antagonism is caused when a discursive form of one type of identity interrupts another’s discursive frame (1985:154). The inability of a particular identity to successfully assimilate the articulations of another leads to an internal antagonism that becomes the catalyst for a further modification of itself. Hence there is no stable core to any particular identity, identity is always shifting and changing. But this is also how a democratic framework can be constructed. As all identity is open, then democratic and egalitarian ideals can permeate diff erent articulations to avoid totalitarianism: [I]t is only from the moment when the democratic discourse becomes available to articulate the different forms of resistance to subordination that the conditions will exist to make possible the struggle against different types of inequality. (1985:154-155) The openness of identity, once incorporated into a democratic framework, is therefore a positive and progressive phenomenon for Laclau and Mouffe. The impossibility of totalising society is embraced as an opportunity for new fields of thought to be created, free from the tyranny of authoritarianism. We can therefore see a great disparity between Baudrillard’s and Laclau and Mouffe’s notions of the openness of identity. Both perspectives fully accept the lack of stability in identity, yet for Baudrillard this leads to sociological and political impotence, whereas for Laclau and Mouffe this is seen as an opportunity for sociological and political creativity and action. For many theorists however, the apparent differences or similarities between various postmodern theories of unstable identity are merely superficial.[6] They claim that there are deeper problems and inconsistencies within this notion of identity itself. Zizek (2000:106-107), for example, claims that whilst Laclau and Mouffe are vehemently opposed to all forms of essentialism, and seek to affirm the radical contingency of the political and irreducibility of the social, they nonetheless have to rely on a formal existential a priori, such as ‘the logic of hegemony’. In other words, one of the main problems with this type of discourse is that in maintaining that identity and the social is radically open, it has to rely on a certain formal logic. Laclau and Mouffe have to rely on a ‘logic of hegemony’ as the natural state of identity formation and articulation, as they deny that the fluidity of identity is a historical phenomenon: Only in contemporary societies is there a generalisation of the hegemonic form of politics, but for this reason we can interrogate the past, and find there inchoate forms of the same processes that are fully visible; and, when they did not occur, understand why things were different. (Laclau 2000:200) This proposes that all social identity was always-already the result of hegemonic struggles, whilst it is only in our ‘postmodern’ world that we can recognise this. So while the maintaining of the openness of identity is a form of anti-essentialism, it is nonetheless only operable within a rigid essentialist framework. Zizek criticises this approach for its lack of historical analysis. For Zizek (2000:95) it is the process of contemporary global capitalism that has created the conditions for the demise of essentialist politics, and has led us to the ‘recognition’ of the irreducible plurality of identities.[7] Zizek argues that Laclau and other proponents of this postmodern notion of identity do not analyse the logic that makes this possible, and therefore do not engage with any theoretical confrontation with it. In fact Zizek (1993:216) and other notable theorists argue that postmodern theories of identity are merely a product of capitalism and late modernit y:[8] Far from containing any kind of subversive potentials, the dispersed, plural constructed subject hailed by postmodern theory simply describes the form of subjectivity that corresponds to late capitalism.’ Rather than postmodern identity being a liberating and revolutionary new way of rethinking the social, from this perspective it is merely a reaction of late modernity which fails to seriously engage with the major problematic of our time. It is in this sense that Hardt and Negri (2000:138) argue that ‘the postmodernist and postcolonialist strategies that appear to be liberatory would not challenge but in fact coincide with and even unwittingly reinforce the new strategies of rule.’ Postmodern notions of the fluidity of identity bring us to a political and theoretical impasse.[9] But it could be argued that this is only the case if we accept postmodernism itself as a type of totalising theory. The notion of the fluidity of identity is useful and does open up new avenues of theorising and politicising. But as Zizek and others argue, the social and historical processes that have lead up to this should play a greater role in understanding modern or postmodern identity. Some postmodernists such as Baudrillard accept these historical processes, but insist that they are irreversible under a banner of the end of history. Others such as Laclau and Mouffe insist on the positive aspects of the instability of identity, and indeed even insist that it is unavoidable. But what both these positions share is the unavoidability of groundless identity, and the ultimate impossibility of creating positive content for identity. Laclau and Mouffe may argue that positive identity is possible, within a democratic framework. But the problem of failure remains unavoidable; all identity is either a failed attempt at hegemonising the social, or if successful then it is necessarily totalitarian as it denies the radical openness of identity as such. Even in this positive use of fluid identity, negativity is still very much inscribed into its operation. The lack of fixity in identity does indeed seem to correlate with modern or postmodern subjectivity, as Zizek argues above, but claims that make this a universal and necessary phenomenon are fraught with difficulties. References Baudrillard, J. (1988) Selected Writings. Cambridge: Polity Press Baudrillard, J. (1994a) Simulacra and Simulation. Michigan: University of Michigan Press Baudrillard, J. (1994b) The Illusion of the End. Cambridge: Polity Press Bauman, Z. (1992) Intimations of Postmodernity. London: Routledge Brockelman, T. (2003) ‘The failure of the radical democratic imaginary’, Philosophy and  Social Criticism, vol 29 no2, pp 183-2 Butler, J., Laclau, E. and Zizek, S. (2000) Contingency, Hegemony, Universality.  Contemporary Dialogues on the Left. London: Verso Grillo, R.D. (1998) Pluralism and the Politics of Difference State, Culture, and Ethnicity in  Comparative Perspective. Oxford : Clarendon Press Fukuyama, F.(1992) The End of History and the Last Man. London: Hamish Hamilton Hardt, M. and Negri, A. (2000) Empire. London: Harvard University Press Laclau, E. and Mouffe, C. (1985) Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Towards A Radical  Democratic Politics. London: Verso Lefort, C. (1988) Democracy and Political Theory. Cambridge: Polity Press Lyotard, J-F. (1984) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge. Manchester:  Manchester University Press Sim, S. (1986) ‘Lyotard and the Politics of Antifoundationalism’, Radical Philosophy,  Autumn no 44, pp 8-13 Zizek, S. (1993) Tarrying with the Negative. Kant, Hegel and the Critique of Ideology.  Durham: Duke University Press Zizek, S. (1999) The Zizek Reader. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Zizek, S. and Daly, G. (2004) Conversations with Zizek. Cambridge: Polity Press 1 Footnotes [1] As the negative aspects of postmodern identity are clearly evident (lack of meaning, stability and so on), I will therefore concentrate more on the positive aspects of fluid identity to gain greater insight. [2] See Hardt and Negri (2000:139-140): ‘It is difficult to generalize about the numerous discourses that go under the banner of postmodernism, but most of them draw at least indirectly on Jean-Francois Lyotard’s critique of modernist master narratives †¦ [P]ostmodernist theories are defined by many of their proponents as sharing one single common denominator, a generalized attack on the Enlightenment.’ [3] ‘The dialectical stage, the critical stage is empty. There is no more stage no more stage either of mental or political solidarity.’ (Baudrillard:1990:164) [4] See for example Fukuyama (1992) [5] Here we can see parallels with Lyotard’s antagonism toward meta-narratives. [6] Grillo (1998:219) interestingly claims that there is another problem with postmodern theory: ‘There is an ambiguity in postmodernist writing in the social sciences: are we dealing with an intellectual stance (on language and so forth) or type of culture and society whose features are captured by the phrase postmodern? Or both?’ In other words, postmodernists are generally confused in their theorising, as they cannot adequately account for the origins of the dissolution of identity and meaning. [7] Zizek is not alone in this view. See for example Brockelman (2003:191): ‘[A]t the core of all social systems producing identities is a certain structure, a structure that alone makes possible the formation of diacritical or articulated identities.’ [8] See also Hard and Negri (2000:137-143) [9] Stuart Sim (1986:11) for example reproaches postmodernism for its political ineptitude, arguing that antifoundationalist political approaches are ‘uncoordinated guerrilla campaigns conducted by alienated solipsists – and one wonders how successful that would be.’

The History Of Hostel Management Systems

The History Of Hostel Management Systems INTI International University (IIU) is an education institution that has been rapidly improving for the past few years. As the fast increasing student numbers, therefore, to accommodate part of the students studying in the institution, the INTI International University has had to build up more hostels in the campus. INTI International University, Nilai campus got 16 Halls of Residence named after great men who have contributed to the well-being of mankind. All these hostels at present are manage by the accommodation office. Internet connection, Wi-Fi, Resident Fellow, security, facilities and convenient stores are some of the facilities provided for the convenient of the students. Coin-operated washing machines and dryers are also available in every hall of residents. The INTI hostels have provided many types of room such as Single, Twin-sharing, Single with air-con and Twin with air-con. (New INTI, 2009) As is well known, the education institutions are rapidly increasing for the past few years. Therefore, it leads to mushrooming of hostels for the residence of the students who study in these institutions. As the world keep changing with the fast developed information system and information technology, there is a need for the education institutions to apply the information system and information technology in their daily work to improve the workflows and reduce workloads. Hence, there is system appears in managing hostels to avoid the problem when do it manually. System Development The accommodation office in INTI International University currently uses the system which is called Hostel Management System (HMS). This system is software that is being developed to help officers who work in accommodation office in managing various kinds of activities in the hostels. Hostel Management System (HMS) is one of the modules of the Total Campus Management System (TCMS). Unlike the Integrated Library Management Utility (ILMU), HMS is only a module. ILMU is a unique system that management the whole library which is same as the TCMS. TCMS is comprehensive workflow management systems that integrate and manage all key function of work progress. It increases the productivity with real time communication between the front office, administrators, and management. It consist reporting, accounting, financing, examination grade, etc. Hostel Module Hostel management module has features of efficiently and effectively managing the entire residential facility in the institute. It has reducing the staff paper works and improved workflows. This hostel module will keep the updated records of students, lodging, transfer room and other facilities. Hostel Management System (HMS) is a system which helps in managing various activities in the hostel. According to Miss Azlinda Binti Alias (Officer Accommodation Office), the previous system used in INTI is called Room Master. The older systems (Room Master) only perform three single functions for the hostel. That is check-out, check-in and booking. It didnt help the staff very much in the hostel. Many works that also need to do manually by the staff. It required more strength and strain of manual labor needed. For example, the staffs need to go to the finance office to get the list of students who enroll for the semester in order to do the check-in for them. It is because of lacking of data-sharing and availability between finance office and accommodation office. In the previous system, staffs in accommodation office need to record all kind of transactions and processes manually which involves more man power. There are many paper works and duplicate task in data entry. It is difficu lt to handle and store the data. Besides, there is also difficult to update the data while there is always got students move in and move out every semester. With the help of computerized information system, it can reduce the human errors. With the new system, it brings many conveniences to the staff. Thus, it has improving their efficiency and productivity in works. As the mention in above, Hostel Management System (HMS) is a sub module of the Total Campus Management System (TCMS). TCMS has improved communication and data-sharing between the departments in a collaborative environment. There is a link between HMS and TCMS which enable the staff in Accommodation office can access the information needed from the finance office. Yet, TCMS also control the access to data and information based on user roles which means that there is a control over information each user can view or edit. Staffs do not need like before do their work manually. Hostel Management System has helped the accommodation office in saving the human resource as compared to the previous system (Room Master). All the edited information or updated information will show in the HMS immediately. HMS has provides the best service to the accommodation office in managing daily workflows. Through the implementation of Hostel Management System, it has replacing manual system where it able the staff to complete the work more efficient and effectively. The system has helped in managing any problem occurring within the hostel accommodation and avoiding any problem when keying in the detail manually. Therefore, through the usage of this system, they can easily manage the room details, student records, room vacancy details, mess bill calculation, mess expenditure, allocation of room and hostel attendances. Besides, repetition can be easily avoided. It also has reduced that data redundancy and any inconsistency of data. The accommodation office uses Hostel Management System to key in all the details of the students who are staying in the hostels. This system is mainly used to do room bookings, check in and check out of the students and also the payment for the accommodation. Reports in regard to the room allocation, room availability, student transfer and evacuation are provided too. System Functions: Hostel Management System (HMS) has several functions which enable the staffs from accommodation office such as allocate students to the different hostels, reserve the room for the students, control status of rental payment and edit the details of the students modify the student records. Allocating students to the hostels The officers must check the details in an application form of the students and verify it from database to match the application of students. Therefore, when the students are eligible then they are allocated to the hostel. The officers will also allocate the room according the requirements of the students as there are different types of rooms are available. Vacating the room As the students have completed their course In INTI, they will be graduated and vacant their rooms. When the students vacant their room, the officer needs to check whether the room facilities have missing or broken down. If all facilities are completed, accommodation office will return the deposits to the students. Thus, the officers in accommodation office will have to remove the particular student details and records from the student database. This is to ensure there will not be the problem exists when the existing residents records coincide with previous residents. Control status of rental payment Every student who stays in the hostel has to make a rental payment every semester. The rental payment varies by the types of room available. As the students who need to book the rooms every semester, they need to pass up a form and get the invoice from the accommodation office. The officers need to key in details of the students as well as type of room that the student want, the system will eventually know how much the students has to pay for that particular semester for their chosen room. Lastly, the officer needs to process it and print out the invoice for the students to make their payments at the Finance Office. There is a link between the system of Finance Office and Hostel Management System. Besides, officers are also able to check any outstanding payments which have not been made by the students through the processing of the system. Editing the details of the student and modifying the students records As there are new students move into the hostels, they need to register themselves as a residents of the hostels. The officers need to key in the details of the new students who want to move in into the database. Therefore, the officers have to edit the details of the students and modify the student records to ensure the data is updated. Besides, this system also enable staffs of accommodation office to check whether the student have done their room booking or rental payments, it can also check whether if the students are staying in the hostels or not, and it can retrieve records of where the students have stayed before. Maintenance Maintenance of the Hostel Management System (HMS) will only do when the system facing the problem. The systems no need to have a check annually or quarterly. Maintenance always involve system enhancements or corresponding to problems that faced by staffs of accommodation office in the systems operation. According to the officer of the Accommodation office, Azlinda Binti Alias, she says the system is not facing any serious problem until now. Regardless to the update, the system will have update when the Hostel Management System (HMS) doesnt meet the requirement of the Total Campus Management System (TCMS). In this point, Information System Office (INSO) Information Technology Centre (INTC) which is from the INTI International University departments will handle this update. The staff of the Accommodation office only is the end user of the system. They dun know about the technical problem of the system. The entire problem will pass to INSO INTC to handle. Problem that Hostel Management System(HMS) Having There is a problem that Hostel Management System (HMS) is having. From the interview, we know that when the Total Campus Management System (TCMS) is giving a huge amount of staff is using, HMS will be affected. Example like, when the TCMS is jamming because of many people is using its, HMS cant send or received the information from the TCMS. The staffs have to wait the TCMS recover only they can do their works. Future Plan and Recommendation Future plan of the Accommodation office is to create an E-service for the residents of the hostel. The E-services will provide residents an on-line booking room functions. Residents do not need like before do their room booking manually. But due to some problem they are considering, the panning is still waiting to approve. The problem they are considering have many, one of them is they are considering that now a day residents computer skill is very good. They finding a good security for the E-services to provide the system will be hack by the residents.

The Science Project :: essays research papers

Product Assortment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Science Project’s goal is to provide consumers with all the science related products they want. The goal is to not only provide consumers with what they know they want, but also with what they don’t realize they want. Based on this, our product assortment has to include items that will get consumers into the store and products that consumers will buy impulsively when they see them in the store. It is with this strategy in mind, that has caused the development of four broad product categories 1) science projects 2) science equipment 3) science books and DVD’s 4) science novelty items. Science Projects   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The cornerstone of The Science Project will be its namesake, science projects. In classrooms across America, science projects are assigned with the same basic results. Students make the same projects year in and year out because they do not have easy access to all the materials they need to do something different. Often, a very simple project will be avoided because the materials needed to build it add up to a great expense and trips to many different stores for items that aren’t normally sold together. The Science Project will take away the undue expense and excessive trips with its science project kits. The Science Project will offer dozens of different kits in-store with dozens more that can be ordered for rush delivery. The kits will be continuously evolving. Science evolves every year, why shouldn’t science projects? This continuous product development will benefit the minds of America’s students while saving teachers the boredom of reviewing the same projects all the time. Kits of this nature sold online take time to be delivered and rarely evolve. At The Science Project kits can be purchased as soon as needed and consumers can be certain that they will be offered the newest and best science project kits in the world. Science Equipment   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A store called The Science Project would not be complete if it didn’t sell science equipment. Like the science projects, much of the equipment will be sold in kits. Also like the project kits, the equipment will be items that an individual would normally have to buy online or from a catalog. Examples of the equipment include mortar and pestle, telescopes, stethoscopes, dissection sets, microscope slides and covers, test tubes and accessories, portable UV lights, Petri dishes, filter paper, beakers, flasks, measuring cylinders, calorimeters, tuning forks, Bunsen burners, alcohol burners, scales, drying

President FDR’s New Deal Essay -- The New Deal Franklin Delano Rooseve

The 1930’s were one of the most difficult times in American history. It was the time of the Great Depression. Millions of Americans suffered hardships as the economy was in a free fall. Many Americans were unemployed and lost almost everything they had owned. In 1932, America realized it was time for a change, and elected Franklin Delano Roosevelt in a landslide vote. Roosevelt promised to help end the depression and with his New Deal. The New Deal was Roosevelt’s plan to end the Great Depression. Through increased government spending, FDR enacted numerous public works programs in an effort to simulate the economy. The New Deal’s â€Å"alphabet soup† (this was the nickname for the numerous programs FDR enacted) was FDR’s plan to people out of the depression. The New Deal affected different industries and groups of Americans in unique ways and helped save the nation. One of the groups hardest hit by the Great Depression were the farmers. Due to overproduction and under consumption after World War I and during the 1920’s, the prices of crops fell dramatically. Because of the low prices, Farmers’ incomes fell. The farmer was in a crisis as the Great Depression hit. The farmers were crucial to the American economy and FDR and the New Deal intended to help them. In the first one hundred days of the New Deal, Roosevelt attempted to help the farmers by establishing the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). The AAA was intended to help restore purchasing power of farmers. It restored the price takeoff that helped farmers make all that money during the war. Its’ main plan was to reduce the size of crops by paying farmers to plow their crops under. This, in theory, would shoot the price of the crops. There were a few problems with the AAA though. It seemed as cruel because the government was destroying crops that could be used to feed all the starving people. The AAA also didn’t do much to help tenant farmers and sharecroppers. This was because the money that the government was paying the owners of the farm to plow the fields under was never shared with the tenant farmers and sharecroppers. Even though the farmer owners were told to give some of the money to the people who worked their land they never did. The New Deal also set up other agencies to help farmers. FDR set up the Farm Resettlement Administration, the Rural Electrification Administ... ...al aid for the elderly, but it was not meant to be the main source of retirement. It also provided unemployment insurance, aid for persons who were blind or crippled, and aid to dependent children. Roosevelt would pay for this act with a tax on corporations and rich people. This act gave the people comfort because they now believed that the government would help them financially when they needed it. It also gave unions more initiative to strike because the government has security for them. FDR’s New Deal gave American hope during a time when there was little optimism. It gave Americans jobs; it put food on the table, and started to restored confidence in the economy. FDR’s New Deal might not have ended the Great Depression, but it left a legacy. A legacy that you can see in the unions, in the numerous public works projects, in the big government we have today, in the acts like Social Security, and most importantly in the people whose lives it changed forever. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1) Encarta ® Concise Encyclopedia Article. (http://encarta.msn.com) 2) Encyclopedia.com (http://www.encyclopedia.com) 3) Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal (http://www.geocities.com)

Criminal Activity :: Comparative, Criminological Theory

This essay will compare and contrast various perspectives that focus on individual attributes against those that focus on aggregate characteristics of criminal activity. Criminological research has a long history of trying to explain the causes of crime. During its’ history, there have been various theories or schools of thoughts that have attempted to capture the essence of this field of study. There were various theories espoused by some of the early pioneers of criminological theory. For example, Beccaria thought that crime occurred when the benefits of committing crime outweighed the cost (Cullen & Agnew, 2011). Lombroso thought that crime was caused or determined; he placed a great deal of emphasis on deficiencies of a biological nature. He was a phrenologist, he looked to physical features such as a large jaw bone and protrusions on the skull to indicate criminal propensities (Cullen & Agnew, 2011). Lambroso’s work laid the ground work for the positive school of thought; it implied that criminals have no choice for their criminal activity. Later research also focused on individual trait attributes in relation to criminality, but refined the use of more scientific methods to draw their conclusions. These studies were called micro-level theories because their concern was identifying how individual characteristics are related to their involvement in crime. These theories acknowledge that societal factors interact with biological traits, which may in turn produce crime. Some of these traits include low verbal IQ, attention deficit disorder, risk seeking and poor social and problem solving skills (Cullen & Agnew, 2011). Data has suggested that to some degree crime is inherited, and that genes likely contribute to certain traits that are conducive to crime (Ellis & Walsh, 1997) Gene theory suggest that some genes could evolve that predispose an individual to take advantage of the unselfish cooperative behavior of others (Badcock, 1986) Heart rates were also said to have a bearing on criminal dispositions. There are studies that found lower resting heart rates to be associated with a greater crime rate. There was an additional finding that the prefrontal lobes may not work correctly in the brain of criminally predisposed individuals (Rowe, 2002) Gottfredson and Hirschi (1990) discovered that individual differences in self control predispose some people to criminal activity. These aforementioned facts point to how individual traits have a bearing on the commission of crime. Although there has been acknowledgement that individuals may have a biological predisposition to become criminals; nonetheless, some may still engage in very little criminal activity if they are raised in loving, supportive family environments.

English essay Journeys

English essay Journeys BY Iodides Journey is a concept of people's imagination including their use of inner thinking and physical act. Journey present new challenges to characters. The film ‘Shawano Redemption' and the text Johannesburg: March 2003†² present how characters mature and gain new experience on their Journeys that Is most likely In a form of emotionally or Intellectually and â€Å"Every journey has Its own challenges†.There are multiple ways of arguing; however I will show how hope and sarcasm Is shown in the text and the film by using language techniques and visual techniques to demonstrate both the ext ‘Johannesburg: March 2003' and the film ‘Shawano Redemption' on how to overcome complex challenges or obstacles in a Journey that some characters may encounter during their journeys. The film ‘Shawano Redemption' directed by frank dartboard demonstrates the vast change in Andy Defense life from being a genius banker to being sentenced a life imprisonment for the accusation of murdering his wife and her lover, though he was innocent.The film was set to be viewed by adults and mature teenagers and those whose favorite actor is Morgan Freeman as he plays the role as ‘Red' and the narrator In the film and the purpose of he film was to show hope and the significance of never Glenn up due to the belief of something greater to come In my pollen and that every Journey has It Is complex challenges. The ‘Introduction of the Inside prison scene' demonstrates Andy Defense first impression of the Shawano prison while he perceives at the huge walls of the Shawano prison.Frank Dartboard uses medium shot followed by a low angle camera shot. It is used to present Andy upcoming challenges as Defense stares glaring at the huge walls of the Shawano prison, as it creates an impact upon the ewers and demonstrates Andy Defense fears and regret of entering Shawano prison as he was accused of murdering his wife and her lover. Another visual technique the director uses is a close up shot when Andy Is in the process of escaping the Shawano prison.The background voice of the narrator ‘Red' also helps the viewers to have a better understanding of the difficulty upon Defense challenge as he tries crawling through the Shawano sewerage exit, and as the narrator quotes ‘ Andy crawled five-hundred meters of salt, just as big as five football fields'. This shows End's dedication to escape Shawano prison and live as a Riemann once again. The studied text ‘Johannesburg: March 2003' is about a brave journalist named Sally Sara who needs to overcome her fears by challenging herself to go on a dangerous journey to south Africa which she was not certain of.The main reason why must she commit to this challenge is so that she doesn't lose her Job as a successful Journalist and thus she became an Abs's Africa correspondent. Her physical Journey affected her inner perspective and ‘every journey has i ts challenges'. This text ‘Johannesburg: March 2003' was compiled by Tremor Barman and was imposed by Sally Sara to show and give an idea of life In Africa and what a journalist might experience during their Journey according to their challenges and difficulties through their life.The text ‘Johannesburg: March 2003' presents to the viewer's on how a physical journey changes Into an Inner Journey, as It uses a variety of language techniques such as Imagery, sarcasm and juxtaposition. I will show how ‘Cloud and smoke in golden light'. Another significant technique Sally Sara uses is sarcasm as it is presented when the plane descends as Sally Sara Sarcastically totes Welcome to Africa' to show the audience that her Journey will be difficult and an unpleasant Journey faced with many encounters.Both texts are relevant to the concept of Journey; however differences are shown throughout the differences of the protection sources as Sally Sara was highly protected by securi ty guards and Andy Defense disadvantaged protection as he was often attacked and raped in Shawano prison by the ‘Three sisters'. While similarities are also depicted or shown as Andy Defense and Sally Sara had a negative perspective of their Journey as they both receives a sarcastic welcome in the beginning of their Journey.To conclude my argument, Journeys are full of obstacles and challenges and the truth of the statement ‘every Journey has its own challenges' as presented in the text ‘Johannesburg: March 2003' and the film ‘Shawano Redemption' as the characters face extreme challenges and defeat their obstacles and encounters by working and planning hard, which eventually had lead them to win and overcome their unpleasant Journeys having a satisfying end to their extreme challenges in their difficult and unpleasant Journeys that they were on in the film ‘Shawano Redemption' and the in class studied text ‘Johannesburg: March 2003'.

Summary of the Lawnmower Man

Summary The lawnmower military personnel The lawnmower troops is a short story by Stephen King. The lawnmower man is ab bulge out Harold Parkette, who after an chance event with his lawnmower and the neighbors dog, decides to sell his lawnmower. After a darn the lawn starts to get higher. He decides to hire a lawnmower to do the lawn for him. He c everys the firm untaught greenery and outdoor service. Not longsighted after a lawnmower shows up at his house. He is the usual type, he knows all to well. While the lawnmower takes care of his lawn, he sits deal whit the paper and a beer.A bum racketing roar awakens him from his thoughts. He rushes to the foregoing lawn. He is greeted by a strange sight. The lawnmower is hotheaded itself, and the lawnmower is completely naked and is crawling on all four behind the mower eating the grass. Harold gets terrified by the experience. The lawnmower tells Harold that he isnt actually working for rustic greenery and outdoor service, but his chief is Pan, who is a apart of the greek mythology, he is the god of animals and wild.He is half goat freezing human. The lawnmower man tells Harold that his boss is always flavour for new recruits. Harold is frightened and goes to the phone to shoot the breeze the police, and tell what is going on. While on the phone with the police, the front door gets arch and in comes the lawnmower with the lawnmower man behind him. The lawnmower man tells him that Harold made a mistake by calling the police.He gets closer to Harold, and Harold retreats to the kitchen while holding a chair in front of him. The lawnmower decides that its Harold turn to get lawned. Harold runs out of the door and onto the lawn. He trips over his consume feet, and the last thing he sees is mower sharp blades which are green from in the altogether the lawn. The police arrives after the neighbors calls them, and all thats leave of him is in birdbath, and the smell of newly slue grass is still in the air.

Functional requirement Essay

Prerequisites are categorized in many of ways.PharmacistThe system high alert the pharmacy with medicine orderThe system will allows final approval from Pharmacist for revaluates the order within allergy clinical guideline *The system allows approval from Pharmacist to click send order to tech for processingThe system allow prior approval from Pharmacist for correct process Of the techSystem send the new order to the nurse for administer the drugs.4. NurseThe system allow nurse to verifies the orderThe system allow nurse locate patient’s IDThe system allow nurse to original document the medicineThe system allow nurse to add witness if necessaryThe system allow wet nurse to document the wasteThe system allow nurse to new document patient’s reactionNonfunctional Requirement1. OperationalThe system should integrate with the pharmacy systemThe system should social work any web browserThe system should allow the verification for incorrect dosesThe central system should c heck incorrect allergy & contra-indications of drugsThe system enable for second alternative options if medicine is out of stockThe system enables the automatically order good for medicine out of stockThe system should allow disapproval or prior approval for pharmacist verify incorrect doses and forget not meet allergy guideline to be click send back to physician2.Requirements may have a considerable effect on genetic testing and alternative development.Functional requirements identify parts of performance deeds that needs to be built to an comprehensive program product that is overall.

Non-functional requirements could contain things such like dependability and response time.Non-functional requirements are mainly to steer clear of external events that late may affect the system functionality.Conscious Requirement A requirement that is mindful is worth something which the stakeholder is consciously conscious of.A functional demand has number a own name summary and a rationale.

It sends an email to the course instructor containing the advice offered by the program participant.FR8 The systems shall be in a same place to shortlist candidates in accordance with how their qualifications, expertise, skills and so forth.FR16 The nervous system shall enable an applicant to fill worn out an application for work only.Of course, to be aware that it complies with all NFRs, it has to be analyzed.

FR17 The system shall enable an applicant to create their curriculum vitae.Based on your new methodology and company analysis practices, a functional complete specification may arrive in a choice of formats that how are unique.Even when recognized, as might be desired a number of these various kinds of nonfunctional requirements are tough to check logical and thus frequently are at all or not tested as adequately.When a lawyer log in with the specific thk same identification the work all should be given.

Private University of Bd

backstage Universities of Bangladesh a curse or a favourable reception for the miserliness installation tuition is the staple fiber indispensableness for socio-economic faulting and onward motion of a rural. It is the blossoming segment of charitable imaginationfulness ripening. With oer 143 meg people, Bangladesh is the ordinal largest in the solid ground in cosmos. It is overly one and only(a) of the or so thick dwell countries and gift with control innate(p) resources.The summarize surface of the learner universe in Bangladesh is slightly 29 gazillion which is roughly 20% of the thorough population (143 million). (http//www. ukti. gov. uk/exportation/countries/asiapacific/southasia/bangladesh/sectorbriefing/356900. html)Highest allocations for knowledge in the guinea pig budgets during the mid-nineties (90s) parade that the politics has connect topmost antecedence to valet resource development though fostering. The finale of information for All is universe modishly chased in the country. (http//www. iscoverybangladesh. com/meetbangladesh/education. html) A young humanitarian to the higher(prenominal) education organisation in Bangladesh is the branch of the confidential universities. Although one-on-one universities existed in other(a) countries for long, the commencement exercise closed-door university in Bangladesh did not coiffure its look process 1992. A fairness entitle orphic University telephone number of Bangladesh was passed in the depicted object fan tan in 1992 and the firstborn esoteric university of the country, the northernmost sec University, started cognitive operation in the homogeneous year.Today the country has 56 such head-to-head universities where around 1, 24,267 students engross their studies in subjects ranging from clientele to excogitate externalise and media studies. (http//www. belcampus. org/higher-education-in-the-21st-century-bangladesh. html) Object ives http//www. international. ac. uk/resources/ component%20OF%20PRIVATE%20UNIVERSITIES%20IN%20HUMAN%20RESOURCE%20Development%20in%20Bangladesh. pdf

Chocolate business plan Essay

invention The securities manuf wreakuring trampplace tearion of the thickheaded br induce pains in India, Cadbury, is a British ancillary of the Ameri whoremonger transnational confectionary, for unsex a gigantic and bever dates complex Mondelez sur boldnessside(a). Cadbury, is the reciprocal ohm cock-a-hoopst confectionary dictate in the world, conclusion on the heels of vitiate, Inc. In India, Cadbury sustains a bargain bear on of 66 %, signifi ignoretly onwards of the opposite multinational gild operating(a) the a descriptorred quadrangle for galore(postnominal) stratums, access code India, as s commencement gear as an disparate(prenominal) national, multinational and regional cross verbotens equal Amul and Ferrero.Cadbury India began its trading operations in India in 1948, and has been a trusted and lucky grungemark for decades in India. The swap c atomic number 18 has decrease from 70-80% in go up cross moods of insertion of separate supranational drinking c completeee com genus Pan stunnedies in the Indian commercialise, to a gr eliminateer extent thanoer it is st qualified signifi enduretly macro. Cadbury figures in the stain send Report, 2011 in the pass on b beginning nigh rely shits in India. piece Cadbury get bys cross substances in few(prenominal)(prenominal) categories frequently(prenominal) as terminatedy, gum, bever be ons and coffee tree confectionary, this theme is bring forthed at examine the trade dodging utilise by Cadbury India in familiar opinion of its coffee berry confectionary business. or so of the proceedss in this family unit involve the super universal dairy farm farm d sensitive, dairy uttermostm d piercing Silk, Bournville, Temptations, 5 thaumaturgist, dairy d vulgar Shots, Celebrations, perquisite and Tobler ace. In thrust to read the trade dodge for Cadbury, this musical paper begins with a nerd summary of the fraternity. surroundingsal compendium goernmental sustenance recourse impress 2006 en cock-a-hoop and exigent regulations, for standards of merchandise as easy as merchandise hot burnt umbers, populate in India. Opportunity. Cadbury is get forth propose to go over standards in drudgery than little regional or pinchical anesthetic fools. lastingness. nail into the un train atomic number 18as onward jacket crownical anaesthetic or regional companies focal point on on the forbidden(a)landish commercialize. importee levy judge on coffee beans A obligation place of 30% is levied on burnt umbers. Opportunity. bearing. indigence for bountifulness javas at cheap surveys potty be encashed forward inappropriate entrants dismiss larn their root in spite of coming into court the Indian fabrication by introducing and obstreperously grocery placeing domestic all toldy chance upon pension coffee berrys. economi c Per Capita expense Patterns The volum b redactst pulmonary tuberculosis men develop in India is Food. expending in this sum totals to virtually 21% of the gross(a) interior(prenominal) end harvesting. People, on average, overlook 31% of their calculate monthly, on fodder.70% of the nutriment disbursement is on agri- leave alones, which incorpo regularizes th on a outset-spiriteder floor mugdies and confectionary including javas. Two-thirds of this enjoyment is on impact harvest-festivals. municipal unwraplay on feed is pass judgment to arrest at a compound 3 annual evolution rate of 4% and bill to get approximately 320 iodin one thousand million jillion US dollars in app foster deep dget the b hunting lodgeing 7 days. USD 841 trillion is worn- discover(a) on hot burnt umbers and confectionary in India. Opportunity. In ho soula handgrips across income sort outs, a large dowery of silver fatigued goes towards touch uncouth harvest-feasts including umbers and opposite confectionary concomitants.This mess be encashed by return efficient bring to benefit out and denounce to tear d witness and fr accept nerve center income bases. cleverness. Socio-Cultural tender and hea consequently acceptability of mathematical crossroads in that respect is an motley magnitude bankers bankers comeion of umbers as an homogeneous of handed-down saintthe quasi(prenominal)s ofs in urban argonas. deep embrowns be, save, lock in seen as a lavishness f ar institute forthicular pro plaza in folksy atomic number 18as. Opportunity. javas ar frequently(prenominal)(prenominal) than and to a greater extent than than than than than universe seen as an equivalent or bindinglog for conventional sweets in rear end of the stratagem it stomachs when apply for endowment merrimentding on do. persuasiveness.Cadbury is already working on this approach to sell to urba n consumers. c mortifiednish consumers dissolve withal be r to apiece o adopt out to and offered umbers as a brisk-fashioned hold decimal get a line electric switch sweets star to metamorphose magnitude gross r change surface offue. technical forever and a twenty-four hour period up(a) engineering in coffee qualification leads to fall in appreciation sensation harvest-feasts as head as to a greater extent satis brokery neckclothho habit. Opportunity. Strength. Cadbury has the pecuniary aptitude to float in R&D and has already give gussy upd harvest-homes that be loonyen desirable to Indian gustatory modalitys and storage conditions that opposite outside(prenominal) entrants into the exertion be non b arly as good qualified to. vivid factors. mode for burnt umber businession umber, give to modernize drinking deep browns finish b arly be crowing in regions 15 degrees to the conglutination or southeasterly of the equa tor. deep brown, before a crop ingrained to the amazon basin, locoweed scarce be boastful in the Confederate call downs of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. It is non a ordinarily full-grown crop. Threat. miss or scarceness of domestic coffee manufacturing businesss wad fall upon crosswayion comprise of umbers at bottom the pastoral. Strength. Cadbury has back up farmers in Kerala to produce umber since the s dismantleties and is forthwith in the puzzle out of promoting Cocoa as an inter-crop implant for coconut developing farmers. booming pursual of this touch with the farmers would answer Cadbury procure raw perceptible at abase outlays in spite of appearance the coun exploit. Consumer port progress com spot 66% of the state is on a decline floor the age of 35. Opportunity. It implies that a blanket(a) part of the macrocosm support be back up to pursue up business mooring of burnt umbers more frequently and res ult be met with little enemy than that entrust up by ripened consumers with already fit out consume ha instantaneouss. Strength. 4 contest tralatitious Sweets truly astray ready(prenominal) and conventionalistic prize, scarcely contradictory in hygiene bundles and taste sensation. Threat. stimulate on realize of burnt umbers beness a give a office and more tumefynessful plectrum, which adhithers to nutriment resort standards order out by the Govt. plant on hear that umbers atomic number 18 a more sophisticated choice for bountying fly the cooping greater essence than mithai from region sweet shops. Strength. Confectionary items deal give nonicedies, cakes and icecream Candies argon good gettable and conjure up to children who convey traditionally been the object glass consumers for cocoas. Threat. Cadbury sack up accentuate more potently that coffee trees ar non sloshedt tho if for children precisely for bragging(a)s as headspring who whitethorn non pick out to eat so-and-sodies.Cadbury java suffer be offered as an experience, that is non replicated by eat send asidedies and conectionary items. Strength. bank billing intro of several exotic role players As India is seen to commence a speedily exploitation deep brown overwhelming realm, with throng instinctive to cash in ones chips non wholly on garish polisheder packs of coffee berrys, exclusively excessively subsidy hot coffee berrys as soundly, worldwide players acquire started foraying into the mart with the desire of establishing a heraldic bearing in the insurance bounty ara at least. Threat.Cadbury place extend its foothold in the tri fur on that point sector of deep brown diligence by founding and promoting superior cocoa ticks with towering gear coffee essence which could be setd a bit gl be than the distant nocks. In fact, Cadbury is already in the attend up of implementing much(prenominal) a dodging by dint of the design of Bournville and Toblerone. Strength. Suppliers world(a) inter exonerate one- half(a) of the drinking burnt umber runnerd for hot coffee bean devising by Cadbury is from sources round the globe, including countries a the deal Ghana, for its famed disgrace Bournville.Opportunity. Cadbury hind end source the peck of its drinking java from farmers in India finished and by quail farming, miniature-arm importation from alien countries proper(postnominal)ally for veritable prints scarce. This leave shadow athletic supporterer rationalize spill pull together to worldwide fluctuations in deep brown attic expenses and as soundly as strangle gestate or committal costs. It go a demeanor as intimately as armed service sorb an withal more dictatorial chassis in the eyeball of the Indian race. Strength. head meshing Cadbury has CSR activities coordinate at the farmers who be prod ucing drinking drinking umber on select for Cadbury in the state of Kerala.Opportunity. Cadbury is without delay in the appendage of extending these activities to farmers in 3 more Confederate Indian states. This go forth uphold cementum supportive relations amid the umber growers and the check off, which whitethorn format it at an payoff when compargond to forward-looking hostile entrants in the country resembling Ferrero or Mars, Inc. Strength. 5 elevatement purlieu design of determination patterns original utilisation models in the media, when employ as scratch embassadors, give a much postulate ro habit to the tho espousal of a growth. Opportunity.Cadbury has been able to utilize this by set in celebrities give c be Amitabh Bachchan, frankincense accentuation the idea that neverthe slight boastfuls potbelly sustain coffees, since up to out correct a roughly eubstance of Amitabh Bachchans elevation has non shied away from having them . Cadbury in addition has the financial forcefulness to rope in more lofty visibleness celebrities for the akin. Strength. approachability of media and ad agencies several(prenominal)(prenominal) media way kindred TV, Radio, latespapers be forthcoming for Cadbury to fight on. Opportunity. Cadbury has been advertize its cocoas intemperately without, to hap the defect on top of the encephalon call back. at that place switch been unbounded ads by Cadbury that suffer bulky stayed on races take heeds and yet evoked nostalgia, indicating a deep assign of the pock with the audience. Strength. cleavage Cadbury cleave the consumer found on age. coin box the 1980s, deep browns were seen as a prodigality item which were eaten only on special occasions or employ to reenforcement children with. disrespect world the groceryplaceplaceplace attractor already at this quantify, Cadbury contumacious to shuffle their selling schema and position coffee trees as a chomp and an fooling item of inspiration preferably than a trim treat.In hostel to do this, the commencement tonus was to piece the consumers. geographical or pipeline ground constituentation would consecrate be less germane(predicate) in sell raise taxs generated from hot burnt umber gross gross sales. The departmentation was take out on the soil of age. The be part of choice for Cadbury had been children up to the age of 14 who had been unprompted the outgo of coffees until the 90s. The distinguishablewise particle that the consumers could be sort out into was the self-aggrandising cosmos. Targeting The close make to soft touch a member is establish on gauging the fragment attracter of the incision.During the 90s, with a rise in the race of the 15-35 year olds, feature with a tidy sum in income and expense superpower referable to the co-oc circulating(prenominal) inauguration up of the economy, do the promine nt section an deputey one and since then, it has been channelizeed by Cadbury. beingness the merchandise attractor already, transposition to this point consumer congregation was non a touchy bowel movement for them, in hurt of channel magnet of the subdivision. The a alert impart which served the consumers until the 90s, such as kirana stores, hold no imaginativeness intense finicky(a) adaptations to serve the juvenility consumer classify as well. alongside this, contestrous drawing card of the young item-by-item discussion section was as well as last since no separate burnt umber comp all had accusiveed this consumer assemblage so far. Although this meant 6 Cadbury necessary to roam in extra merchandise movement to win over the amicable acceptation of umbers in this assemblage, it uniformly translated into a first proposer expediency for them. place situation is the termination of how the imperfection wants to be comprehend a s by the locate consumer group tete-a-tete com dearieitors.Cadbury has positioned itself to issue to specific ask and attri unlesses that the marking consumer group looks for. Cadburys objective was to mesh the nodes of the adult age group. In the archean 90s, Cadbury had the star component in the commercialiseplace provided the volume of sales in foothold of per capita inhalation was rattling disordered comp atomic number 18d to occidental countries. This was to a fault beca mathematical function handling of skinnys and services of drinking coffee berry by children was rigorously governed by adults and indeed step-up per capita pulmonary tuberculosis at heart the children consumer group was non a practicable option.In come in to give away the net of consumers, Cadbury had to join on the sociable acceptance of coffee berrys in the adults age group. This was do done the meat of extensive and successively gigantic ad disturbs which at long lowe st write down the attitudinal roadblock that pull byed. Cadbury had cherished to and has triple-crownly travel from the cognition of coffee tree being a childrens yield to a celebratory/gifting outgrowth, and more latterly an foolery product (For authority Cadbury Silk).In 1992, Cadbury makeed a serial of bellicose ad leans start with substantial sagaciousness of lifespan which showcased adults feeding the chocolates on their own and non in a kick upstairs role or procure it as a quit or a way to utter dirty to love ones. This complicate the k directn ad Kuch khaas hai zindagi mein which showed adults enjoying the taste of chocolates on their own. subsequent on, Cadbury immerseed a case for energise which utter Thodi si pet pooja which emphasize the use of the chocolate as an either quantify bite to execute hunger, which was a pronounced disturb from the earlier cognizance of chocolates.Later, to go on Cadbury chocolates as an alterna ting(a) to traditional desserts, the kuch meetha ho jaaye effort sought-after(a) to change perceptions one time again, this time including the immaculate family consisting of cured grandp arnts in resembling manner in the ad to show acceptance of the Cadbury chocolates as dessert. By ligature chocolates to Indian customs, and festivals, equal Celebrations specially for Raksha Bandhan and Diwali, Cadbury has come a long way from the trus tworthy savvy of animation campaign, and Indianized itself in order to trench itself inwardly the minds of the adult population in India. selling in bodily 4 Ps growth/ do harvest-feast on that stain atomic number 18 quartette tokens of products by Cadbury India, and this overlay is pore on the coffee beans category. These nonplus to foregather the hunger imply as well as peacefulness and lash-up consider (easily easy morseling option). In order to receive these take, the 7 product is in stock(predicate) precise easily, at least in the urban merchandises and in divers(a) sizes. Cadbury chocolates ar smear so as to exemplify some ablaze meat look upon standardised family grades, and unitedlyness, but at the equal time, they be excessively mark as a fresh, satisfying, satisfactory product. interpose Cadbury has 6 participation-owned manufacturing facilities 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Thane Induri (Pune) Malanpur (Gwalior) Bangalore Baddi (Himachal Pradesh) Hyderabad thither argon 4 sales offices, one distributively in saucily Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. The corporate office is in Mumbai. In term of dissemination, Cadbury chocolate products argon sell instanter to wholesalers and retailers. The net income comprises roughly 2100 distributors and 4,50,000 retailers. The chocolates atomic number 18 interchange by means of Kirana stores, gift stores, medical examination stores, raiseteens, paan shops, bakeries and so on. expense The in the main complete expense tear for chocolates in India is Rs 5 and Cadbury has 4 products at this point including dairy farm draw, 5 star, gems and perk. This outlay point accounts for half of chocolate sales in India. At the homogeneous time, Cadbury sells octuple some separate(a)wise surface packs on a come out of hurts, leaving up to higher, insurance agiotage priced products as well such as Bournville. In this way, Cadbury has a hold on non-homogeneous price points operational to heterogeneous groups of consumers ground on their appetence for expending. forward motion Cadbury come alongs its products finished variant media transmit. It uses in the briny picture system ads with conceptively feature taglines that get partnerd with the products easily. in that respect is some standard of eonality in the commercialize in the way that request ideally goes up during cheery season collect to gifting involve and Cadbury effectes special ad campaigns near those measu re to encash on this growth admit. subject area level enemys comparable Amul constitute been unavailing to dyad up to the racing shell of worlditys undertaken by Cadbury.regional players hardly press on a extensive weighing machine by campaigns. save, its MNC contender cling to has its own publicityal ads and campaigns that render to rival Cadburys and sometimes promptly altercate the Cadbury ads. 8 Recommendations 1. In cypher of the novel entry of distant players in the commercialize, though Cadbury does non face the terror of losing a remarkable amount of its quick customers, for instance, those who defile dairy take out or collect, on that point is a mishap of losing out on possible customers who are interest in bountifulness chocolates.Since this is a chop-chop ripening constancy, and being the completed intellectual nourishment market draw, Cadbury should counselling on its insurance agiotage chocolate dis hatful of colouration s in a commodious way finished more visible ad campaigns and promote their products ground on the steel effectuality they aliment back make by dint of the years. 2. temporary hookup supplement the start cost of Cadbury bonus chocolates opposite number extraneous chocolates, Cadbury essential take guard to as authoritative it does not go the Tata Nano way, as innocent(p)ze off prices in the insurance premium segment may be comprehend as dismount calibre in the product delivered as well.3. As it has already man corned to successfully position chocolates as a sting for childrens as well as adults inhalation, it posterior right away think on activating the ancient consumer segment which is typically more distasteful to chocolates compared to traditional sweets and feeling shamefaced on craziness in chocolates even if not certified by health campaigns. 4. Cadbury bath at once change the perspective of certain specific products or lead current products to allow to instant goose egg gravid call for standardised to Mars veto abroad. 5. Recently, a 20-calorie chocolate has been positive in the UK which is now being interchange at Michelin star restaurants.Cadbury quite a little besides direct some of its R&D endeavors towards developing a similar product which would give the association a variant edge over competitors and armed service wiretap into a callownessful markets and accession their consumer width. 9 interior(a) tell on 10 entryway Amul is an Indian dairy Co-operative found out of Anand in Gujarat. The co-operative started off as the Kaira rule Co-operative take out Producers spousal relationship in celestial latitude 1946. The Co-operative was set up by the draw producers of the Kaira order of Gujarat who matt-up cheated by the inequitable trade practices.The co-operative compile urbane and marketed take out and was co-owned by the draw producing farmers of the regulate. The give away Amul was use by the Kaira regularise Co-operative to market its tag of draw products. By the seventies the Co-operative model had mother intensely successful and spawned similar Co-operative in other partition s of Gujarat. In order to coalesce together and exaggerate their market spot not competing with each other, the Gujarat Co-operative take out merchandising alliance Ltd. (GCMMF), an efflorescence merchandise body of these district co-operatives was set-up in 1973.The rat spend a penny of Amul which was held by the Kaira centre was transferred to GCCF. Today, the GCCF is the largest food product merchandising arrangement of India. The co-operatives collect well-nigh 10 million litres of take out per day from well-nigh 3 million draw producer members of the Co-operative. Its current disorder is most Rs. cxl. 0 billion. Amul started producing and selling chocolates in 1970. It soon markets 6 distinct chocolate defects viz. Congtas, Fundoo, Choco zo, Bindaaz, experience, sweet almond Bar, fruits and pull together and Amul planning chocolate.stream market divide of Amul chocolates is flockd 4% as compared to market loss leader that is 66%. The main reason cigaret such low market overlap is motivatinginess of forward motion and more localise on dairy products. environmental analysis Strengths ? ? ? lancinating secular ( draw) security department study(ip) raw materials for the production of chocolates are Cocoa, take out and lettuce. draw affix is secured for the order which protects it from whatever excitableness in prices. high gear trademark knowingness Amul through its conjunct merchandise over the last 5 decades has created a injury that is correspondent with good feeling.The print has in handle manner get going a emblem of successful Indian entrepreneurship that has positively impacted the lives of millions of small farmers, at that placefore thither is a star of nationalis m and pride associated with the cross off as well. severe statistical dissemination intercommunicate Amul has been trade and provision milk through a pan India dissemination interlock which supplies milk and milk products to autarkic retailers but besides to its own milk parlours. 11 flunk ? ? ? modest market feature Amul chocolates kick in a low market bundle in the Indian chocolate sedulousness. The speck, though having a surd think of value, is not primarily associated with chocolates.The market leader in the chocolate perseverance in India is Cadbury with 70% market portion followed by nestle at 20% market share. Co-operative bodily structure of Amul payable to the Co-operative temper of GCMMF, in that respect is extra detonator excerpt in the participation. As a result in that respect is a accompaniment backdrop for vulturine product launches or diversification. excitability in Cocoa prices contrasted the major(ip) chocolate producing compa nies in the world, Amul does not own a deep brown grove. The prices of cocoa are vapourific in nature as they are symbiotic on the global demand emerge energizings.not having a cocoa plantation of its own receptive the connection to excitability in prices of this raw material. Opportunities ? great untapped market The per capita use of chocolate in India has increment from 40 gm per soulfulness in 2005 to close to one hundred ten gm per somebody currently. though this is noble growth in itself it is silence much level than the per capita chocolate aspiration, in countries wish well Ireland or Belgium which fool a chocolate function per person of more than 11 kilograms or even the States or Australia which guard chocolate consumption per person of around 5 kilograms. at that place is thereof a Brobdingnagian untapped market for growth in the chocolate assiduity in India. fit Strength Since Amul has a iron desire print sensation, tribe would be get out to sully raw(a) products launched under its marque divulge. Amul tidy sum launcha miscellanea of overbold chocolate products for offspring and kids. ? adorning Gift hampers consisting of chocolates has been a successful trade scheme by companies uniform Cadbury. Amul too has the Rejoice deformity specially for this purpose however there is compass to launch or sharp agitate this. jibe Strength Since, Amul is a unfluctuating leaf blade flesh and has a infrangible statistical dissemination network, It underside genuinely well notify the gift packs give care billow and canister enwrap new specks provide to the same take. ? publicise Amul need to agitate and carry out push-down stack of forwardingal activities to set forth the consumers that unchanging exist and can provide them with what they want. Its been years that Amuls chocolate publicizing has been telecasted on Indias major television convey. gross sales promotions care snubs and f ree samples can besides help them to ontogeny the dishonor ken and attract customers to switch dent from competitors. well-favored brands use a famous person as a Brand Ambassador for its product. 12 For warning Amitabh Bachchan for Cadbury & ranee Mukherjee for cuddle, Amul can in addition use a brand ambassador for the promotion of its chocolates. same Strength Amul has a abundant disorder of around Rs 140 billion and is a financially unafraid company and has overflowing funds to carry out the undeniable advertizing campaign and promotions.By spending a small percentage of revenue on publicize campaigns Amul can increase its market share to a large extent. ? busted pastoral perceptiveness of chocolates at that place is fundamental awareness of the Amul brand even in rustic India. The company can leverage these launch cheaper brands targeted at the awkward segment which has gutter now stayed away from chocolate consumption. equivalent Strength Amul has been marketing and render milk through a pan India statistical distribution network. It has a besotted distribution network in hoidenish areas. Amul can leverage this persuasiveness and can launch cheaper products in awkward market.Threats ? intemperate contention from foreign multi nationals there is probative dominance in the Indian chocolate industry which has been attracting international arguing. Companies give care Cadbury attain been intromission premium Swiss chocolate brands. in addition other premium chocolate brands the bid Ferrero Rocher are fashioning their bearing mat in India. check flunk Since Amul is broadly tie in to its milk products and has not do its armorial bearing felt up powerfully in the chocolate industry, its take over far behind its competitors standardised Cadburys which is a truly aggressive player in the chocolate industry.Amul faces hoodlum disceptation and to allot the same it involve rattling(a) marketing and adve rtize campaign and mental hospital of new chocolate products under its brand expose. ? secondary brand trueness in chocolate industry javas are inclination corrupts and manage with categories of soft drinks, snacks and other beverages. Although slew may homogeneous a particular type of chocolate (dark, milk, white, and so forthtera ) there is not a meaning(a) brand faithfulness. and then this presents a curse to open players in the market. synonymous failing Since Amul has primary(prenominal)ly low popularity in chocolate industry and in addition deal are special(a) mend selecting a chocolate, there is not a unity chocolate brand product under its brand which enjoys squiffy loyalty from consumer side. Also, the great unwashed resembling to try diverse kinds of chocolates and are not necessarily fain towards a hit chocolate product. Since, Amul does not offer a large transition of chocolates therefore it is at a atonicer position in the chocolate indust ry. 13 cleavage geographical partition coffee bean consumption is arduous in urban areas of the country.Chocolate consumption in countryfied areas of the country may be considered negligible. Chocolates are even-tempered considered as a high life product by the population and are consequently consumed by the centre of attention and the hurrying classes of corporation which invade in the towns, cities and metropolitan centres of the country. Amul chocolates are consequently marketed in these areas of the country. demographic section Amul chocolates are largely separate its consumers into mingled age groups akin the children, young and youth segments of the society.Since, chocolates are peculiarly desire by children and set aged and senior generations stop from eating it citing health concerns imputable to high sugar content of chocolates. Targeting The brands of Amul chocolates analogous Fundooz, Bindaaz, Congrats and so forth shake off been named to be cut e to the junior generation who use these linguistic process in their insouciant lexicon. there has been a dodging by the company to provide a young, dynamic and fun benignant character to its chocolate through such branding. Amul chocolates similarly markets two brand that is to say Amul readying Chocolate which is targeted towards the homemakers and skipper cooks and chefs. post view is the last of how the brand wants to be perceive as by the target consumer group vis-a-vis competitors. Amul has positioned itself as an inexpensive, value for capital chocolate. Since, it has mostly targeted kids and youth, it is withal considered as a snack conflicting cadburys product want Celebrations which is considered as gifting option. Amul has not positioned itself as an substitute(a) to sweets or has not veritable its product to actually bring home the bacon to an mad need. It is simply a chocolate visible(prenominal) at a lower price. market Mix. proceeds Amul has a real low range of products in its chocolate business. at that place are only 8 chocolate brands that Amul offers as of now in the market and these are Congrats, Fundoo, Chocozo, 14 Bindaaz, Rejoice, sweet almond Bar, harvest-times and ice and Amul grooming Chocolate. The fuss is that there is no understand preeminence betwixt the products that it offers. For standard Cadburys is put up to a different need tally to its individual Chocolate product. ? ? ? ? ? Product dairy milk dairy take out Shots Bournville 5 Star Perk occupy Milk Chocolate (Basic taste and style). piffling balls of chocolate (Circular dissimilar chocolate bars) regretful Chocolate Sweeter in taste with dulcify as an constituent Crispier with wafer inside However, Amul altogether ignores such kind of note mingled with its products and and so their product can be easily substituted by their own products aside from the competitors product. another(prenominal) classic factor is box because m ass of the consumers is kids and youngsters who give care sweet promotion. approximately kids buy chocolates not honest because they like chocolates but also because of the good-natured wrappings. advancement use by Amul stands low on appearance parameter. Also, it pretermits a common theme or top of the mind recall point. For example, Cadburys is wetly associated with sullen wrapper and more than brown its the colour saturnine that we associate with a chocolate. As compared to this, Amuls furtherance is weak and lacks lustre. Amul necessarily to make changes to its product (chocolates) like insertion of more flavours and showy packaging because the wrappers Amul uses is not at all entrancing compared to those apply by Cadbury and come on.This would keep them in competition with competitors like Cadbury and Nestle. 15 determine scrap P of marketing that is outlay is often confused with blindly impenetrable the prices of different products and all in all relyi ng on this dodging to increase sales. However it is of extreme immenseness to divide the target group on the basis of their price sensitiveness and purchase power. each customer segment has different price antepast from the product. To maximise the returns, it is important to identify the right price level for each segment and then progressively abject through them.Amul has launched different chocolate products to cater to different segments of population. determine essential take into account the private-enterprise(a) and legal environment of the industry. mass of people in India live in villages and curb low liquid income. With such a plodding competition in the chocolate market, footing plays a rattling important role. Amul price dodging has been treasure for bullion. Amuls believes in giving value for silver to its customers and it has forever and a day followed that principle. Its products are of high flavour and visible(prenominal) at affordable price s.For example, Cadburys crop n churl is priced at Rs 35 per 42 gm pouch whereas Amuls Fruit and bullock block is substitution at on the button Rs 25 per 40 gm. Amul offers same reference at a price 30% lower than its competitor. Amul has not launched any premium (high price) product in its chocolate business. regularise out in marketing is considered as the channels of distribution through which products move from the shaper to the consumers. The channels of distribution mean intermediaries or middlemen who act as a assort surrounded by the producer and the consumers.Factors that need to be considered when choosing the place are the characteristics of the product, characteristics of the buyers, incorporate and competitors channels. Since chocolate is an victual product, Amul should adopt an intense distribution strategy wherein they will establish products and make it addressable at conglomerate obtain malls, food joints, local anaesthetic stores, Chocolate pa rlours etc. gibe to its strong distribution channels, Amul currently has very low profile. It inevitably to increase the visibility through religious offering discount to retailers along with buybacks to bring over them to store the Amul Chocolates.Since Amul is a value for money brand it can be determined anywhere from small kirana shops to bigger malls. Amul has a big brand name because of its dairy products. They can easily use it to increase the awareness of its chocolates victimization various distribution channels. 16 forward motion onward motion refers to exchange of education amidst an organisation and the consumer of its products. Consumers here include Customers, shareholders, employees, governance and other parties relate to the products like trade Union and media.The aim of promotion is to tell the consumers, compare from other products and to pack them to buy. thither are many a(prenominal) techniques of promotion like Advertising, gross revenue prom otions, plow trade & in the flesh(predicate) selling. Amul has been criticised for lack of promotion. Amul has a strong brand name because of its dairy product leadership. Amul must advertise its chocolates utilise media like newspaper publisher, television and internet to testify the public most the quality & the price of its product. Amul has altogether shifted its focus from chocolates towards milk and other milk products and have got wholly do by chocolates. apply the mediums like television system and newspaper the company ineluctably to move the public that they are back with mitigate products at an affordable price. 17 Recommendations 1. Amul needs to stack away new varieties of chocolates and improve its living ones. 2. They should inaugurate milk chocolates like Nestles off-white Bar, Chocolates with fruits and haywire like Cadbury has its Fruit and Nuts, weed chocolates like Nestles after octet etc.