Sociology Sociology Of Indigenous People - 988 Words

Introduction Sociology 214: Sociology of Indigenous people in Canada; has covered the topics of Indigenous and Sociological Paradigms, Colonialism, Identity, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights, Land Claims and Self-Government and lastly; Education, Economy and Social Conditions of Indigenous people. Through questions posted in the mandatory discussion forums each week, dialogue was held with other students to express opinions on the topic of the week while expanding knowledge of Indigenous people in Canada, and ones’ own personal opinions. These posts took place each week after reviewing and digesting the readings and videos in relation to the topic of discussion. This short post will describe how my personal ideas and opinions have changed†¦show more content†¦With a greater knowledge about the Indigenous population of Canada, my thoughts have been altered and particular views I now held; earn more from a place of empathy rather than anger. Changed Thoughts As I review my posts from the semester I see an initial change in my thoughts and perceptions about Indigenous people in Canada from a post on May 7, 2015. The topic of discussion was Western and Aboriginal ways of knowing; our knowledge and views of the two. Prior to reading the material I posted about my personal thoughts; in summary, Western Ways of Knowing were more scientifically based and Aboriginal Ways of Knowing were more holistic. Once the material for the week had been read, I posted again, here mentioning Dr. Battiste’s article, Indigenous Knowledge: Foundations for First Nations. From this article it is apparent my thoughts changed, noting that society perceives Indigenous ways of knowing as â€Å"old or out of date†; simply proving that society is uneducated about Indigenous culture and teachings. Furthermore, from Dr. Battiste’s article I quoted Indigenous knowledge is systemic, covering both what can be observed and what can be th ought. It compromises the rural and the urban, the settled and the nomadic, original inhabitants and migrants. This statement solely stood as evidence that I was a part of the population of Canada unaware of the extensive knowledge behind Indigenous knowledge. It is here in the initial

Human Geography Overpopulation Essay - 972 Words

Human Geography Final Essay Human Geography Honors Humankind will always have to overcome challenges. Three key challenges that we are currently facing and require immediate action are overpopulation, land use, as well as cultural conflicts. These issues have been prevalent topics in the media in recent years. Unless we start taking the steps to address these concerns, we will continue to see these topics in the media for years to come. Overpopulation is a relatively recent issue. The world’s population has grown exponentially over the past twenty to thirty years. For example, the country of Bangladesh, with a population density of 1,188 people per square kilometer, has a 1.2% annual growth rate. Comparing these numbers with the United†¦show more content†¦The public should be warned that if they do not have enough money to support a child, then they consider waiting to have children. Family planning and government programs would include clinics and other organizations put in place to provide an d promote voluntary sterilization or contraception in order to reduce the high rate of reproduction in a nation. Another challenge humanity faces is cultural or ethnic conflict. This conflict is created when two or more groups who share different or conflicting ideas or principles while living in proximity to each other. A specific example of this in our modern world is the cultural war being fought between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims of the Middle East. The two groups believe in different ways of practicing the same religion, and since the two cultures share a border between each other, conflict ensued. Cultural conflict can have many outcomes; including persecution, all-out war, and ethnic cleansing. Cultural conflict not only effects the inhabitants of the two cultures who are quarreling with each other, but with surrounding countries as well. Trade and other dealings can be hurt by the conflict of the two cultural groups. Cultural conflict does not only damage the two disputing groups, but the rest of the world as well. There are some possible resolutions for the issue of cultural conflict. An increased police or military presence in the regionShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Article The Tragedy Of Common 1727 Words   |  7 PagesWhy â€Å"Freedom in a Commons† Ruins Everything In the article â€Å"The Tragedy of Common†, Garret Hardin, a professor of human ecology at the University of California, Santa Barbara, writes that, â€Å"ruin is the destination toward which all men rush, which pursuing his own best interest in a society that believes in the freedom of the commons. Freedom in a commons bring ruin to all† (Garret 33). As we all know, freedom is the right people are born with, so why will it ruin everything? 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Report on Human Computer Interaction

Question: Describe about the report of online e-commerce website of Oz Attitude Clothing? Answer: Introduction The report is upon the Oz Attitude Clothing profile client scenario. The report is showing the complete information about proposed online e-commerce website of Oz Attitude Clothing profile. The report is showing the best suitable e-commerce business model for Oz Attitude Clothing and describing other e-commerce business models also. There are so many advantages of mobile app, which are also being described in the report. There are so many advantages of e-commerce solution and the proposed website features are being defined in the report. Proposed website design and storyboard are getting shown in the report. The complete project analysis is described in this report. By studying this report, a person can easily understand the complete scenario and proposed solution of Oz Attitude Clothings online business. Analysis and Prototype Development The client scenario chosen by me is Oz Attitude Clothing profile. The Oz Attitude Clothing works in clothing business and it is demand of time to go into online business. That is why to set up online business is very necessary. There are so many e-commerce models which should be analysed before starting work on online business. Following e-commerce models can be applied on Oz Attitude Clothing e-commerce business- Business to Business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C), Consumer to Consumer (C2C), Social E-commerce, Mobile E-commerce and Local E-commerce. Business to Business (B2B) E-Commerce Model Business to Business (B2B) e-commerce model is a commerce transaction model which is used in the transactions which occurs between business and business not between business and consumers e.g. a supply chain of automobiles between different companies. It is the best place where business can grow up to the high extent. Both sellers and buyers are manufacturers not a single customer. Business to Consumer (B2C) E-Commerce Model Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce model is a commerce transaction model which is used in the transactions which occurs between business and consumers e.g. a website which directly sale the products to single customer. A company directly interact with customers on this platform. It is the best place where online business can grow up to the high extent. There are so many website which follow this model like buy.com. Garment industry mostly follows up this e-commerce model. Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce model works as follows- It is the place where all brand companies can sale their products. It is the best shared platform for companies and consumers as well. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) E-Commerce Model Consumer to Consumer (C2C) e-commerce model is a commerce transaction model which is used in the transactions which occurs between consumers not between business and consumers like Business to Consumer (B2C) e-commerce model. The best example of Consumer to Consumer (C2C) e-commerce model is eBay.com. In this model users give advertisements to sale their products and other users buy those products. The website owner gets benefit by taking commissions from users who use the services of website. It is the best market to grow the website earnings very rapidly. Consumer to Consumer (C2C) e-commerce model works as follows- A customer is giving advertisements on the website to sale its products and another customer is buying the same product. This is the Consumer to Consumer (C2C) e-commerce model. Social E-Commerce Model Social e-commerce model is also an e-commerce model but it is the small e-commerce model. It is like the subset of e-commerce model. There are most of the websites which follow up this Social e-commerce model. The best use of this models is that users get good customer care services. AO.com is the best high demand website which follows up this model. Websites which follows up this Social e-commerce model, install widgets of social networking site e.g. the website Fashionid.de has installed Facebook widget by which users take reviews for their selected products and it is the most popular feature now a day. Mobile E-Commerce Mobile e-commerce model is also an e-commerce model just like all e-commerce models which are described above but the difference is that Mobile e-commerce model helps to make the website which can run on mobile and wireless devices also. All models, Business to Business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C), Consumer to Consumer (C2C) and Social E-commerce models can work on mobile e-commerce websites. In all the above models, Business to Consumer (B2C) model is the best model for Oz Attitude Clothing. Oz Attitude Clothing works in garment industry. Business to Consumer (B2C) model is best for Oz Attitude Clothing because it works for business and consumers. It is best for the company and its customers which is the requirement of Oz Attitude Clothing. Therefore, Business to Consumer (B2C) model is the best model for Oz Attitude Clothing. (Laudon, K. C. Traver) Competitors of Oz Attitude Clothing There are so many companies which are working in the garment area and they have already a very good reputation in online market. Some of the websites which are very famous now a day are amazon.com, jabong.com etc. Therefore, Oz Attitude Clothing has to work hard to compete others in online industry. Advantage and Challenges for Online Global Design Online business helps Oz Attitude Clothing to fulfil all the objectives of the business in the following ways- Market Share Market share is increased by the online business because it helps to increase the business area throughout the world. Maximize Sales Online business helps in maximizing the sale of the Oz Attitude Clothing. Customer can access the website of the Oz Attitude Clothing from anywhere. In this way, it is very helpful in maximizing the sale of the Oz Attitude Clothing. Growth The growth of the Oz Attitude Clothing will increase very rapidly by the online business. Customer Satisfaction By online business, Oz Attitude Clothing can serve the consumers on the whole day and that is the reason; the business is focusing on the customer satisfaction more in comparison to production and profit and if the consumer is satisfied, the production and profit will be increased automatically. The global internet consumers are growing rapidly and the range of the internet consumers is very high in comparison to the traditional non internet consumers. The growing range of the consumers demand very high quality of service and this is the main goal of the online business. There are some challenges also in making online business. Some of them are following- Human Factor The human factor also contributes more in the trends and developments of the online business. The human factor is the main factor in the development of online business. The human works on the web development create the websites and it is the human only who use the online websites. Security Factor There are so many threats which may affect the computers and may damage the software, hardware of the computer systems. Every threat has different kind of features like some threat only harm the files in the computer systems but some may harm the havoc of the computer system. So the threat is very dangerous for any organization because it may loss the very important data of the organization. It may be very dangerous sometimes. Target Audience The target audience of Oz Attitude Clothing is users which buy the products from Oz Attitude Clothing. There may be people of all age. Oz Attitude Clothing will sale all category products and people will buy from their by using online transactions. Project Team Online business is a very tedious job. There should be proper knowledge of e-commerce model, technology etc. to start a successful online business. Oz Attitude Clothing is a very big firm which sale a different category products. There are two options to make online business- By house staff Outsource from outside consultancy The estimated project team and cost of the project is as follows- Category Cost Hiring System Analyst $500 onetime cost Hiring website designer and developers $500 onetime cost Equipment and setup $200 to $300 onetime cost Hosting and Website setup $100 per year Digital marketing specialist $100 per month Salary of System Analyst, website designer and developers $5000 per month Website and Mobile App Design Following images are showing the website design. The same design will work on desktop and mobile devices. Home page screen of website is as follows- Category Item Page screen of website is as follows- Checkout Page screen of website is as follows- Final Page screen of website is as follows- Website and Mobile App Storyboard Functional Specification of User Interface Oz Attitude Clothing website will contain following design features which are very necessary to make the best online marketing website- Good Interface Design Features The interface of Oz Attitude Clothing website has so many good features which are described below- Clarity Clarity is the most important feature of any website. If the site is working very good but the options and way is not clear to the user, then it is useless. The interface of any website should be very clear. There should be no ambiguity of any keyword or path in the website and the interface of Oz Attitude Clothing website is very clear and satisfying the above defined criteria. All options are very clear. Every new heading is highly prominent and clearly visible in the website. (Argon Design 2014) Good Responsive Good response is the most important and valuable feature of any website. If the site is working good but frustrating the user as there is not good response of the website. The user is clicking again and again but the website is not responding, in that case there is no use of the website. The user will not come again on the website but the interface of Oz Attitude Clothing website is very responsive and showing the complete detail of the information whatever is being searched on the website. Familiar The website should be familiar to the user like if the user comes on website, then it should be familiar to the user. There are some designs which will be seen on so many website. There is nothing which is not seen by the user first time; basically it is the familiarity in case of website. The interface of Oz Attitude Clothing website is very familiar. (Dmitry Fadeyev 2009) Navigation The navigation of the Oz Attitude Clothing website is good because the website is not so much overloaded with content. There is less content and it is very easy for the users to navigate on the site and menus of the website are clear. User can go through the menus anywhere in the website. Colour Schemes The colour scheme of Oz Attitude Clothing website is good. The entire website is containing the good colour scheme which is attractive. Hyperlinks Hyperlinks are working fine in the Oz Attitude Clothing website. The entire website is containing so many hyperlinks like menus etc. All headings and menus are going to right place. Users can move from one page to another by using menus. Consistency of Information The website is very consistent. It is containing some features on all the pages of the website like website logo is available on all the pages. Laceytech Solutions (n.d.) Issues in Online Business There are so many legal and ethics issues which should be considered before starting online business. Following legal and ethics issues should be definitely used in online business- Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Intellectual Property Email Correspondence Copy Rights Survey Scams Online Transaction Security Domain Name Scams and Registration Issues Privacy Policy Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Search Engine Optimization is very useful for online business. There should be proper search engine optimization in the website to make best online business. Search Engine Optimization makes the website on top in the browser so that more users can access the website. Search Engine Optimization implemented by using so many factors like website content, images, keywords, Meta tags etc. All should be unique for best Search Engine Optimization. Intellectual Property Intellectual Property is the major issue in online business. Everything on the website about the product or company should be factual. There should be high degree trust between users and website owner and business owner. Every person connected with the website should have trust and faith upon each other. Email Correspondence Email Correspondence is also one of the major issues in online business. In online transaction or order, there are so many email messages sent by the business owner or website owner. Sometimes users get passwords through emails. Therefore, there should be high degree privacy and confidentiality in email servers. Copy Rights Copyright is the major crime now a day. Most people copy the content of the website or URL to mislead users. Survey Scams There are so many survey scams now a day. People take survey and took important data from users and can misuse that. They offer money to take survey but most of the time that is fraud. Online Transaction Security Online Transaction Security is one of the major issues in online business. The transaction system should be very safe and secure. It is the most critical part in the online business. There should be proper firewall and proper authentication on the online transaction. There are so many threats which stole the important data of users and misuse that. There should be proper security to escape from such type of threats. Domain Name Scams and Registration Issues The domain name of the website should be registered and verified. There are so many scams now a day where people stole the URL of others or take similar URL and misguide to users. Therefore the URL should be unique and different. Privacy Policy Every company has some policy and that should be obeyed by all website users. There should be proper link of privacy policy on the website and each user should be asked to read the privacy policy before start work on the website. Design Approach in Oz Attitude Clothing Website The structured approach is very urgent in the design of the e-Commerce solution. If we follow the structured approach, the design of the e-Commerce solution will be perfect. These are the following main steps of the structured approach uses to create the design of the e-Commerce solution 1. Research and Analysis on the Market and Competitors The research on the market and competitors should be done first before making the e-Commerce solution. In this the competitors strategy should be analysed very carefully to compete the competitors and to increase the business in the market. The competitors websites should be analysed and the scale of the competitors websites and business should also be analysed very carefully. And the websites related to our business should be analysed and the keywords used by the customers related to our e-Commerce solution should be understand clearly to get the top rank in the internet market. 2. Evaluate the Business Process of the e-Commerce Solution The business process of the e-Commerce Solution should be evaluated very carefully, to compete the competitors in the internet world. Following things should be kept in mind while evaluating the business process The strategy of the quality and the price of the products evaluate carefully. Evaluate the product information. Like discounts, category of the products etc. Evaluate the inventory system management of the business process, sales order process of the business. Account system should be clearly understood in mind before starting the e-Commerce Solution. 3. Planning, Designing and Development of the e-Commerce Solution The Planning, Designing and Development of the e-Commerce Solution should be evaluated very carefully, to defeat the competitors in the internet world. Following things should be kept in mind while Planning, Designing and Development the e-Commerce Solution The features and the design of the websites should decide very clearly by analysing another competitors websites and by analysing the market requirements. Decide the best model to create the best e-Commerce solution within the time period and with the limited number of resources. Allocate the proper best resources, time frame and the budget to complete the e-Commerce solution. Now start implementation of the e-Commerce solution and done in the decided time frame. Now configure the e-Commerce solution after implementation. Now integrate the payment systems for the e-Commerce solution. Now host the web site on the proper web hosting server of the best reliable web hosting company. (Vinsign 2005) 4. Marketing the e-Commerce Solution Now start marketing the e-Commerce solution to compete the competitors in the internet world. Following things should be kept while marketing the e-Commerce Solution- Add the Google feeds, shopping feeds etc. on the website. Add search engine optimization (SEO) keywords to get the high rank in the internet search. Add another high target websites advertisement on the website to get the internet traffic on the website. Use the pay per click agents on the website to get the high internet traffic on the website. 5. Enhancement of the Website The enhancement of the website should be done on regular basis. Following things can be done under the enhancement of the website Create the admin part of the website to give the proper functionality to the website and to add the proper data in the proper manner on the website. Create the monthly reports of the products of the website. Advantages of Mobile App The mobile app is affecting more on the low level and high level business also. The business level is increasing very rapidly because of the mobile app. The business is increasing with very ease and comfort, because the internet gives a big space to the business and it is not easy to increase the business in the world wide using the traditional manner. By implementing the good design approach in making the mobile app solution, we can defeat the competitors in the internet world. The customers can find the best product very easily on their cell phone without using desktop. It is very easy to use and mostly people prefer this because of its comfort zone. By analysing these things, the mobile app is the best option to increase the business world-wide. Mobile app is also increasing the business in very less time period. That is not possible in the traditional business option. The mobile saves the time and cost of the product delivery also. There are no courier charges in the delivery of products, if we download any application or app on our cell phone. So we can give the discounts on downloading products. This is the best way to attract the customers. In this way the best design of the mobile app can increase the business in a very vast area and reduces the cost of the man power resources. The mobile app is basically the trading business via the internet. In the recent few years, mobile app is growing in the international market. There are some sites that are very popular for their mobile apps. Conclusion The report is giving the complete and full detail about the proposed online business of Oz Attitude Clothing. Every aspect related to Oz Attitude Clothing is clearly visible in the report. Now it is the time for Oz Attitude Clothing to take a big step towards the internet market. There are more than 50 per cent people who buy online. That is why it is the need of time to start work on online business and to enhance the productivity and growth of the company. Online business is very beneficial in the time essential fields. That is the reason that e-Commerce plays a very big role in the Garment Industry. The e-Commerce is very cost effective system. It saves the cost of the middle person that is hired in the traditional business to deliver the products at the customer end or the sales person that is hired in the traditional business to display the products of the organization. E.g. in the shopping e-Commerce website, there is no need of the middle person to display the products and there is no need of the middle person to deliver the products at the customer end. The e-Commerce solution is affecting more on the low level and high level business also. The business level is increasing very rapidly because of the e-Commerce. The business is increasing with very ease and comfort, because the internet gives a big space to the business and it is not easy to increase the business in the world wide using the traditional manner. By implementing the good design approach in making the e-Commerce solution, we can defeat the competitors in the internet world. The customers can find the best product very easily. By analysing these things, the e-Commerce is the best option to increase the business world-wide. But there are some disadvantages of the e-Commerce also. There is very tough competition on the internet because in the traditional business, there is competition only in the local shops while in the e-Commerce the competition is world-wide References [1] Argon Design 2014, 5 Aspects of good user interface, Viewed on 20 Dec 2014 https://www.argondesign.com/news/2014/feb/5/5-aspects-good-user-interface/ [2] Dmitry Fadeyev 2009, 8 Characteristics of Successful User Interface, Viewed on 20 Dec 2014 https://usabilitypost.com/2009/04/15/8-characteristics-of-successful-user-interfaces/ [3] Laceytech Solutions (n.d.), Why is Consistency Important in Web Design, Viewed on 20 Dec 2014 https://www.laceytechsolutions.co.uk/web-design/importance-of-consistency-in-web-design/ [4] Vinsign 2005, What is E-Commerce and Importance of E-Commerce, Viewed on 8 Nov 2012 https://webdesign.vinsign.com/what-is-ecommerce-importance.html [5] Laudon, K. C. Traver, C. G., 2013. E-commerce 2013. s.l.:Pearson.

Young CEO Founds Students with Seven Billion

Young CEO Founds Students with Seven Billion Young CEO of Frank, Charlie Javice estimates financial aid her companygave to 300Â  000 students at around 7 billion which is somewhat between$25-30K for each student. The most interesting about this is that it’s notloaned money, they do not have to return it: all the money is institutional grants and other aid given to colleges. Javice says that they want to helpstudents get rid of debts and graduate successfully – it can be considered aspreventative health care. Here writing essay east company for students shows examples of talanted young people and we want to share this story with you! Frankand FAFSA The company helps to lower costs by using customer-friendly interface designed specially for students which lets them get access and easily complete their FAFSA (abbreviation from Free Application for Federal Student Aid). It is widely distributed among colleges and determines all financial aid kinds. According to statistics, just 47% of students fill out the form even if they can obviously count on it and the reason is that it is pretty complicated. Students and their families face a challenge when filling the forms andmaterials to get aid, and Frank makes it free, simple and fast. The servicedescribes you what college actually costs and what grants and aid rewards youcan get. This info is very important for educational planning and helps students to pick those schools and programs which they can afford. Misunderstanding Risk The misunderstanding between students and real college costs is the main problem, young CEO says. It may lead to dropping out, debts and bad academic experiences. Frank can ease this process by helping students understand their options and have an idea of the actual costs and benefits. Javice is right when talking about matching problem: loan repayment depends on degree completion and the financial pressures make students leave college. That is why getting proper information in advance maximizes the chances to make the right choice. Javice is pretty serious about higher education and it is not just capital, but more personal to her. However, according to Crunchbase the company has already raised $15 million of venture funding and set a membership of $20 per month which lets students get access to all the info about financial aid opportunities. Javice states that it is essential to know all your options before you choose a college and also that loan is not your only choice and we agree with her.

Capital Punishment

Capital Punishment Introduction Capital punishment refers to the act of killing an individual who has been found guilty of committing a certain crime (Gottfried, 2003, p.35). Capital punishment is a severe form of punishment because a victim cannot repeal a death sentence. A less severe alternative to death sentence is life imprisonment. Despite its existence, some countries still practice capital punishment.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Capital Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The debate on whether capital punishment is ethical and moral has elicited different opinions in different societies. Proponents of capital punishment argue that it guarantees permanent security and safety to communities, it deters crime, it is appropriate for some crimes such as murder, and it is less costly (Gottfried, 2003, p.37). On the other hand, opponents argue that it is inhuman, it is unfair if someone is wrongly convicted, it is a viola tion of human rights, it affects the emotional and psychological well-being of a victim’s family members, and it is against God’s will (Gottfried, 2003, p.41). Capital punishment should be reaffirmed because it is an effective method that could be used to deter crime and improve security. In the United States, 35 states have the death penalty in their legal system. According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, there have been 1226 death sentences in the United States since the year 1976 (McCafferty, 2011, p.53). In 2010, there were 38 executions. This number decreased from 106 executions in 2009 (McCafferty, 2011, p.53). Some methods used to kill criminals include hanging, shooting by a firing squad, intoxication in a gas chamber, electrocution, and lethal injection. Arguments for capital punishment Capital punishment has several advantages that render it valid as a form of punishment for crime. First, it guarantees the safety and security of prison staff and the peop le in the external community (McCafferty, 2011, p.58). Individuals who receive a death penalty are usually dangerous and highly violent people. Executed criminals cannot commit crimes either after their release from prison or in prison. Their execution guarantees the safety of prison staff and the public. Their death is an assurance of security because they cannot continue their unlawful acts and this improves security.Advertising Looking for article on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, capital punishment deters crime by discouraging criminals from engaging in crime (Gottfried, 2003, p.42). In countries such as Singapore that have death penalty, lower rates of crime have been reported. Capital punishment deters crime because of its severe consequences. Between the years 1993 and 1997, the death penalty was widely used in the United States due to a rise in crime. As a result, the rate of murder d ropped from 24,562 people to 18, 209 people (McCafferty, 2011, p.54). This drop was as a result of the avoidance of the severe consequences of capital punishment by criminals. Thirdly, it is the right form of punishment for certain crimes because it is equal to the crime committed (Gottfried, 2003, p.45). For example, capital punishment is the best punishment for murder because it is equal to the crime. Any other form of punishment would be unfair because it would be less serious than the crime itself. Proponents argue that victims of crime receive justice when criminals are killed because the penalty is equal to the crime committed. The individual is made to pay by death in proportion to the crime committed. Fourthly, capital punishment is less costly that other forms of punishment such as life imprisonment (Gottfried, 2003, p.46). The cost of imprisoning an individual for life is more than the cost of killing the individual. It is logic to award a death penalty to an individual in stead of life imprisonment because it prevents use of government resources, which are instead used for other more viable projects. Arguments against capital punishment Opponents of capital punishment present several arguments to support the abolishment of capital punishment. First, they argue that it is unethical and cruel (McCafferty, 2011, p.61). Killing a person is inhuman even though the person may have acted in an inhuman manner. They claim that each person has a right to life and should not be killed under any circumstance. Capital punishment is inhuman because the methods used for execution inflict intense pain and suffering to the individual. As such, the individual’s right to life is violated. Even though a criminal practices inhumanity by committing a crime, killing the individual does not solve the problem entirely.Advertising We will write a custom article sample on Capital Punishment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Capital punishment is ironical because its main teaching is that killing someone who has killed is moral and justifiable (McCafferty, 2011, p.62). However, this argument is ambiguous because different cultures interpret the concept of humanity differently. Secondly, it is an unfair form of punishment for individuals who are convicted wrongly. For example, since 1976, 130 people have been released from death row after they were proved innocent (McCafferty, 2011, p.64). In severe cases, some people are killed after being wrongly convicted. It is unfair for a person to be executed even though he/she is innocent. Some people have been proven innocent but the proof of their innocence came too late that they were executed before they were released. In addition, some criminals ask for a chance to amend their ways and become better citizens. However, with a death sentence, that is impossible. In a case where an innocent individual is executed, the execution is irreversible, and the gover nment lives with the guilt of executing an innocent citizen. The fact that an innocent individual could be wrongly convicted is not a good enough reason to abolish capital punishment. This is because in the same way, guilty individuals could be wrongly released for lack of enough evidence (McCafferty, 2011, p.68). Thirdly, capital punishment is a violation of the human right to life (Gottfried, 2003, p.73). Despite the degree of a crime committed by an individual, killing him/her violates his/her right to life. This argument varies from society to society because human rights are determined by factors such as religion, cultural beliefs and religion, which vary among societies. Opponents argue that sentences such as life imprisonment could be awarded instead of capital punishment because they do not violate an individual’s right to life (Gottfried, 2003, p.74). In some societies, the interpretation of human rights allows capital punishment for individuals who violate the human rights of others. Fourthly, capital punishment is not fair and may cause emotional and psychological trauma to a victim’s family members (McCafferty, 2011, p.71). In countries where it is practiced, capital punishment is a form of compensation for a crime committed using the life of the criminal. This is immoral because two wrongs cannot make a right. An individual deserves a chance to reform for a better life.Advertising Looking for article on criminal law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the pain experienced in executions could be unbearable. The degree of pain depends on the method of execution used. Despite the method used, the pain affects both the individual and his/her family. Family members may be traumatized and as such suffer emotionally and psychologically, which may affect their lives negatively (Gottfried, 2003, p.72). For example, if the individual has young children, they may be unable to live normal lives owing to the effects of the knowledge of their father’s execution. Fifthly, capital punishment denies the victims a chance to reform and practice spiritual redemption (Gottfried, 2003, p.75). Even though an individual may be sorry and remorseful for committing a crime, reformation is impossible with a death penalty. In most societies, spiritual redemption is considered a priority mainly at the time of death. Spiritual redemption means making peace with fellow human beings and God before death. However, capital punishment victims do not get this opportunity. Opponents consider capital punishment unethical because they argue that death should be natural and not induced in any way. Conclusion Capital punishment is the killing of an individual who has been convicted of committing a certain crime. The issue of whether capital punishment is moral and ethical is a controversial one. Some countries have abolished it while others still practice it. For example, in the United States, 35 stares practice capital punishment. Proponents argue that it deters crime, guarantees permanent security, it is appropriate for crimes such as murder and rape, and it is less costly than alternative punishments such as life imprisonment. Opponents argue that it is inhuman, may be unfair if someone is wrongly convicted, it is a violation of human rights, it affects the emotional and psychological well-being of family members and it s unfair. Capital punishment should be reaffirmed because it is the best method of stopping crime and hence improving the security and safety of all people. References Gottfried, T2003, Capital Punishment: the Death Penalty Debate, Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania. McCafferty, J 2011, Capital Punishment, Aldine Transaction, New York.

Wildow Wilson essays

Wildow Wilson essays The strength of the liberal forces desired a stronger treaty and conservative isolationists and opposed the treaty on all grounds combined. This was done to help defeat the Treaty of Versailles. The final blame for the defeat of the treaty lies with Woodrow Wilsons stubborn resistance to compromise. Woodrow Wilson was the son of a Presbyterian Minister. He carried his own personal religious and academic beliefs over into his political career. Wilson promised a war to make the world safe for democracy. Wilson incorporated fourteen points into the Treat of Versailles that would supposedly achieve his aforementioned goal-among these an end to protective trade barriers, self-determination for people of all nations, and the very controversial world organization, The League of Nations (Article X). Article X stipulated that all league members would come to the aid of any member nation faced with naked aggression. Article X is nothing but the inevitable, logical center of the whole system, argued Wilson who believed that his methods were right and all others were wrong (Document C). In preparing the original treaty at a Conference in Paris with Britains Lloyd-George, Frances Clemenceau, and Italys Vittorio Orlando, he blundered right and left in an attempt to salvage the league. Whi le a majority Republican senate had to approve the treaty by two-thirds vote, Wilson took no Republican and no Senators to Versailles; instead, he surrounded himself with his open cronies such as Colonel House. Thus, during the course of the negotiation, France and Britain were permitted to demand reparations, carve up Germans colonies and violate many of Wilsons fourteen points in order to maintain the European Powers support for the league. Leftists also challenged the Versailles Treaty on both the grounds that Wilson had sold out a majority of his fourteen points and that th ...

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Business law - Essay Example Days earlier, Ander took his car to Bob’s Repair Shop for lubrication and even though Bob noted a problem with a pin in the brake system, he did not inform Andrew of the same. Negligence involves a breach of care that a party owes to others, occurrence of which leads to a legal damage. The plaintiff needs to prove existence of a duty of care, which might also be evident per se or might be considered under tradition, breach of the duty of care, and occurrence of the damage. There must also be proof of causation that is based on the defendant’s ability to foresee the ultimate danger. Identifying the elements establishes the plaintiff’s legal right in a negligence case. The doctrine of foreseeability also identifies proximate cause to the effect that a defendant may not be the immediate cause of the event into harm but still bears responsibility. The case of Tyson Foods v Cuzman explains this (Twomey and Jennings 178). Failure to warn of dangers in usage or of dangers of misuse also induces liability, as long as the danger is not trivial (Beatty and Samuelson 488). In the case, Andrew owed a duty of care to other road uses but he breached the duty because of over speeding at a location with pedestrians. In addition, Andrew had coffee as he was driving and allowing spilled coffee to divert his attention, meaning that he disregarded interest of other road users, identifies breach of the duty of care into Peter’s injury. The doctrine of proximate causes and responsibility due to failure to warn also induces Bob’s breach of duty of care to people who could be affected by the Andrew’s car. Andrew and Bob had a duty of care to road users that they breached and that led to Peter’s injury. Consequently, Peter has a legal right to compensation due to negligent tort, against both parties. The compensation may relate to

Leigh steel Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leigh steel - Case Study Example Standard costing assumes that profitability is linear and increase in production volumes should increase profitability. This costing method only gets the difference of the selling price and the total expenses. There is an assumption that the overheads are attributable to products forms the main bases of this model. ABC focuses on the cost of the activities that are involved in production of a product while in ToC costs are associated to the limiting factors that affect the optimization of profits. ToC takes into consideration that all limiting factors can be redefined further. ToC is concerned with the time-value for money. It restricts costs to limitations of value of each constraint. These constraints identification is the most crucial part of this theory. The fact is emphasized by the fact the fifth stage of is a continuation of refinement of the constraints. It is important that in further refinement the existing constraints do not become new constraints. If the previous constraints is considered then the cost may attract double cost. Edward states â€Å"Throughput was defined as quantity of money† as profit are maximized by â€Å"maximizing throughput per unit†. Assignment of cost in ABC is made by assigning cost to the various activities, this model assumes that only the activities of production contributes to the cost of the product. This assumptions does not take into consideration the cost of decision making in the company. Decision making on when to produce a product and the product mix based on the volume or expected demand is a key part of ToC. Lehigh’s decision-making is put into consideration when using ToC in evaluating the cost of inventory valuation. Standard Costing takes into consideration only the pounds weight of the product to calculate its cost. There is no consideration on the cost of decision-making. Is there a cost incurred due to demand. Standard Costing at Lehigh,

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay Being a parent is not only about providing a roof over ones head, clothes on their back or food in the belly, it is about responsibility and lessons learned. Huck had never had an adult male to talk to; Jim was a very smart black man and Huck realized he could learn a lot from him. Huck finally had someone he could look up to. â€Å"We catched fish and talked, and we took a swim now and then to keep off sleepiness. It was kind of solemn, drifting down the big, still river, laying on our backs looking up at the stars, and we didnt ever feel like talking loud, and it warnt often that we laughed—only a little kind of a low chuckle. We had mighty good weather as a general thing, and nothing ever happened to us at all—that night, nor the next, nor the next† (Twain 12). As Mark Twain’s character Jim shows us in â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†, being a parent is about being there during good and bad times throughout life’s adventures. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain identified several major flaws in Southern culture, including the â€Å"culture of decadence,† the gullibility of people and the treatment of slaves. Through the experiences of Huck Finn he was able to provide the reader with a â€Å"panorama of American life (Microsoft Encarta 2000) before the Civil War. † The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is told in the first person perspective; the story has 43 chapters. In the first section, the main character â€Å"Huck† lets you know who he is and how he feels about his adventures from beginning to end. During the second section Huck meets Jim and starts down the river and lands on Uncle Silas’ farm. The third and final section takes place at the farm and continues to the end of the book (The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn). Huck introduces you to several characters early on such as The Widow Douglas and Judge Thatcher. Both of these characters appear to have Huck’s best interest at heart, but do not go about things the right way. For example Huck tells us â€Å"The widow she cried over me, and called me a poor lost lamb, and she called me a lot of other names too, but she never meant no harm by it. She put me in them new clothes again, and I couldn’t do nothing but sweat and sweat, and feel all cramped up (Twain). † The widow was determined to bring Huck up to society standards, to be respectful and have manners. The Widow’s sister Miss Watson was an old maid who was set on teaching Huck about religion. She simply could not understand why anyone would want to go anywhere but the â€Å"good place†. â€Å"Miss Watson she kept pecking at me, and it got tiresome and lonesome (Twain). † The Widow Douglas had enrolled Huck into school; â€Å"At first I hated the school, but by and by I got so I could stand it (Twain). † School had become easier for Huck as time went by and he was finding the Widow less annoying as well. Judge Thatcher was determined to look after Huck’s money. Huck tried to give him all of the money, but the Judge set it up in a fund for him and made certain it went into the bank for safe keeping. However, after discovering Huck’s father was still alive, he mistakenly thought it would be good for Huck and his father to make amends. Huck soon knew the real reason his father reappeared into his life and that was simply for his new found money. Huck’s father referred to in the story as Pap is a harsh character. He had been very abusive to Huck in the past and Huck feared the future with him would not be any better. Unfortunately for Huck he was correct. Pap was not happy when he found Huck living a better life with the widow. He thought Huck was putting on airs and that did not please him. He ordered Huck to quit school as he did not want Huck to become smarter than he was. Pap was extremely jealous of Huck’s good fortune; a nice bed, carpeted floor and roof over his head. Although the Judge and widow tried to end Pap’s parental rights the courts would not agree, they did not believe in separating families. The new judge tried to civilize Pap, but Pap just went back to getting drunk around town and stirring up all kinds of problems. Pap was a racist, alcoholic who was only after one thing and that was money. After a while Pap decided to steal Huck away from the widow. The next character we are introduced to is Miss Watson’s slave Jim. Once Jim discovered that Miss Watson was going to sell him, further separating him from his family, he decides to run for his freedom. After Huck decides he can no longer take the abuse from his father, he fakes his own death and he and Jim end up traveling down the Mississippi River together. Jim was a large well spoken black man whom Huck enjoyed listening too. Upon Jim’s departure from Miss Watson, he is immediately sought on suspicion of Huck’s murder. Jim just wanted to get away, earn some money and come back to buy his family’s freedom. It was during this time period that slavery was being abolished in the northern states. While hiding on Jackson’s Island, Huck and Jim meet up with each other. Huck faces moral conflict as he decides whether or not to turn Jim over to the law. Since society at that time dictates that black people are supposed to be slaves and cannot run free, Huck is concerned about helping Jim to escape. However, they set out together towards the Ohio River on a raft that they built together. â€Å"Before they leave Jackson’s Island, they find a dead man – but Jim won’t let Huck look at the guy’s face on account of it being â€Å"too gashly† (Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Summary). † This is the first time Jim shields Huck from the identity of the man in the shack; it is Huck’s father. Jim’s gesture is that of a man trying to protect Huck from seeing his dead father. He is the first person in the story to show a real interest in what is best for Huck. As Jim and Huck’s adventure continues they meet up with three robbers while climbing around on a wrecked steamship. Two of the robbers are trying to kill the third robber and Huck wants to get help, eventually all three of the robbers die and Huck and Jim get away. This is Huck’s first real experience with murder. After traveling south on the Mississippi River, Huck goes ashore to find out where they are. It is now that he realizes that he could be suspected of stealing Miss Watson’s property. â€Å"Huck discovers he just can’t â€Å"harden himself† against Jim to turn him in and so concludes he’ll just â€Å"go to hell and take up wickedness again† by keeping his friend liberated. Huck’s moral tension seems to be between his head and his heart. He knows what is right what the law says but can’t bring himself to do it (Marklerch). † When he returns to where Jim is, Huck must let him know they missed Cairo; their exit that they were looking for. At this point they are nearly ran over by a steam ship and both thrown from the raft. â€Å"Huck’s decision to rescure Jim is expedient and humane simultaneously (Blair and Fischer). † At one point in the story Huck feels ashamed for lying to Jim in the name of a joke. Huck finally begins to realize Jim is a real person just like himself. He had always been told that Blacks were not people, just animals to be used as whites see fit. Huck is then taken in by a wealthy family called the Grangerfords. The Granergfords are fighting with their neighbors the Shepherdsons. The Grangerford’s son is named Buck, he is around the same age as Huck. During the fighting with the Shepherdsons Buck is shot. Huck finds this behavior ridiculous and leaves as quickly as possible. Here again is another lesson about people and society that shows Huck bad behavior. The next criminals that Huck befriends are referred to as â€Å"The King and the Duke† (Humanities UCI). Niether of the men previously knew each other prior to this chance encounter, but immediately start plotting their new con. This is where Huck learns the meaning of gullible; many townspeople give the two con artists money for a play that is performed badly. The townspeople are trusting and of religious nature and the two men make off with almost ninety dollars. When the two cons attempt to scam three ladies out of their inheritance by pretending to be the Uncle’s brothers, Huck gets to feeling guilty and tries to think of a way to give the money back. He manages to steal the money back and hides it in the casket of the ladies uncle. After the uncle is buried he lets the ladies know where the money is and manages to flea before the real brothers’ show up. Unfortunately the two con men are still with Huck and Jim. Once the two cons realize they have no money they steal and sell Jim. Huck is determined to get Jim back and luckily runs into his old buddy Tom Sawyer who is glad to help. During the escape attempt and Tom’s silly hi-jinks; Tom ends up being shot in the calf of his leg. Once back at the raft Jim hides in the bushes and Huck goes to find a doctor. Jim is re-captured and the doctor stands up for Jim saying that he assisted with Tom’s care, so instead of killing Jim they decide to enslave him once again. Upon Tom’s recovery he informs those holding Jim that upon Miss Watson’s death she set Jim free in her will, so they no longer can hold Jim as a slave. Jim is set free and finally admits to Huck that the man in the shack was his father, Pap and he no longer needs to worry about him. Instead of going back to the widow’s, Huck decides to set out west so he can have more adventures. Huck’s character was made to witness a large amount of cruelty. â€Å"Huck perceives that â€Å"human beings can be awful cruel to one another† (262). Huck has seen the worst conceivable forms of behavior. But his awareness means that, no matter how much cruelty he witnesses or who perpetrates it, he will remain compassionate towards all human beings (Burg). † Like the Huck Finn character in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Twain faced emotional growth during his writings. As he experienced life, Twain reminisced in his books by focusing on his hometown and era in which he grew up. â€Å"Although Adventures of Huckleberry Finn contains some very poignant critiques of slavery, discrimination, and society in general, it is also important as the story of Huck’s journey from boyhood to manhood (History of Hannibal, Missouri, Back to Marion County). †As an impressionable boy growing up in Hannibal, MO Twain had many of the same types of experiences has Huck. There was swimming, fishing, climbing and cave exploration. He spent much of his time watching the steam ships sail on the river carrying their wares. In Hannibal there were also murders, slaves being whipped and gangs who preyed on river towns (Twains Aurthor Series – Chapter Display). â€Å"Mark Twain â€Å"agreed with Huck that environment determines morality. † All morality is merely relative. Mark Twain wrote in the margin of his copy of Lecky, â€Å"All moral perceptions are acquired by the influences around us; these influences begin in infancy; we never get a chance to find out whether we have any that are innate or not (Blair and Fischer). † Twain shows us through Huck’s adventure that he has grown up on the inside to appreciate his freedom and the people around him. Huck has learned to see all people as human and no longer just by their skin tone, black or white. â€Å"I knowed he was white inside (Twain)†. This statement clearly shows that Huck views Jim as a close and personal friend and confidant. Throughout the story you see the influence Jim has on Huck. â€Å"Jim becomes a father figure –the first Huck ever had in his life. Jim teaches Huck right and wrong, and an emotional bond develops through the course of their journey down the river. By the last segment of the novel, Huck has learned to think like a man instead of a boy (about). † As Mark Twain’s character Jim shows us in â€Å"The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn†, being a parent is about being there during good and bad times throughout life’s adventures. Citations 2011 http://classiclit. about. com/od/adventuresofhuckleberry/fr/aa_huckfinn. htm. Blair, Walter and Victor Fischer. March 1990. 22 January 2011 http://www. jstor. org/stable/2926787. Burg, David F. December 1974. 17 January 2011 http://www. jstor. org/stable/2933172. History of Hannibal, Missouri, Back to Marion County. 20 January 2011 http://www. rootsweb. ancestry. com/~marion/hannhist. htm. Humanities UCI. 2005. 20 January 2011 http://www. humanities. uci. edu/mclark/HumCore/CoreF2005/WebCoreF05/F)5TTwa.

The Downside to Land Use and Urban Development Essay example -- Enviro

The Downside to Land Use and Urban Development    Excessive land use and urban development are a problem, because it causes pollution and it robs animals of their homes.   When man extends his boundaries into nature, nature has no choice but to go somewhere else.   Expansion and population are the cause of this environmental problem.   I propose to set a standard for land development for every city.   In that I also propose that each city should impose a set number of persons to live in that city.   Each city must impose stricter guidelines for waste management.   Finally I propose that the city set limits for development, and expansion. Land development causes danger to the environment by polluting the air and disrupting geological and animal status.   Air pollution is a big problem with urban life.   Large cities have the characteristic of having polluted skies.   The Environmental Protection Agency passed an act, through legislation, called the Clean Air Act.   The CAA set standards for all cities (Environmental Politics and Policies, 195).   Some of these cities that do not meet such standards include Los Angels, New York, Chicago, Milwaukee, Baltimore, and Houston.   These limits are called National Ambient Air Quality Standards (189).   The NAAQS sets a limit on the amount of Carbon Dioxide, Hydrocarbons, Air born Particulates, nitrogenoxides, lead, and sulfur oxides, and Ozone in the cities air.   Such standards apply for 7 (192).   The definition for Ozone: A strong oxidizing agent with disinfecting properties similar to chlorine; also used in odor control and sludge processing (Environmenta l Engineering, 219).   Ozone is present in the high atmosphere, but at lower levels can be one of the most harmful gases on Earth (Our Poison... ...constantly influenced by their social ruling.   We don’t have except this way of living, there needs to be a change.   We need to prepare for the future, and save what we still have.   We have to, before it’s all gone.            Works Cited 1.) Beyond the numbers; Edited by Laurie Ann Mazur Published by Island Press, Washington DC; 1994 2.) Environmental Politics and Policy; Written by Walter A. Rosenbaum Published by Congressional Quarterly; 1998 3.) Our poisoned Sky; Written by Edward F. Dolan Published by Cobblehill books; 1991 4.) Endangered Environments; Written by James Colgney Published by Apple Tree Inc.; 1994 5.) Dennis Plunkett (American Reality, Phoenix Az) Interviewed: 11-14-98   6.)U.S. Census Bureau (WWW.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html)   7.)Q and A’s About Land Fills (WWW.awma.org/awma/educate/outreach/landfill.html)   

Assess the Impact of the Suez Crisis on the Conservative

Assess the impact of the Suez crisis on the conservative party 1955-1959 The conservative party managed to recuperate after the Suez crisis, which was a major low point in the party’s history. But how could the party bounce back after such a major event? The conservative’s policies changed to cater of everyone with re-established the conservatives as a strong party. The Suez crisis greatly affected the conservative party as a whole. For an example the lack of trust with the party.Eden secretly colluded with the Israelis, even when this want known by the public the war between the Israelis and the Egyptians looked like a convenient excuse to seize the canal. However aside from this inconvenience the conservative’s social policies had changed increasing the party’s popularity. Such as the economic prosperity at the time. Things such as TVs were becoming increasingly common in people homes. White good such as fridges and washing machines were too becoming inc reasingly common this prosperity ment people didn’t want change because the quality of life was getting better and there was no need for a change in government.And, as a result of perhaps the most distinctive Conservative policy of these years, home ownership rose from some 30 per cent to nearly 50 per cent, as the famous pledge given in 1950 to build 300, 000 new homes a year was redeemed by Macmillan as Housing Minister after 1951 – giving substance to the great Tory ideal of a property-owning democracy popularised by Anthony Eden after the war, as did the increase in personal savings from under ? 200 million to nearly ? 2, 000 million.Welfarism was also a policy of the conservative party, it ment that the poor were looked after by the government more than before by being provided council houses and of course the free healthcare provided by the NHS. The post-war „baby boom? meant that there was in any case a need for more schools and teachers, but a series of r eports arguably both highlighted the importance of education and influenced policy development. The Education Act 1944 had laid the foundations for a system of secondary education grounded in the idea of selection through the „11-plus? xamination, with some children progressing to grammar schools and others to secondary moderns, and in some places technical schools. However, during the 1950s a number of local authorities began to introduce an alternative model, comprehensive schools, but the Conservative Party, including in its general election manifestos in 1955 and 1959 manifestos promised to defend and develop grammar schools. Following the White Paper Secondary education for all a major school building programme took place, albeit mainly of secondary moderns.Within higher education, university colleges such as Sheffield and Southampton were upgraded to university status, and even before the publication of the Robbins report approval was given for seven new universities, in cluding East Anglia, Lancaster, Warwick and York. The economic policy of the Conservative Party is to help create the conditions in which the British people can steadily improve their standard of living. By the end of the decade, things were not going well.Staying in the Middle East had led step-by-step to the confrontation with President Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt, and the disastrous decision to seek his overthrow by force in collusion with Israel. The 1956 Suez Crisis was a savage revelation of Britain's financial and military weakness and destroyed much of what remained of Britain's influence in the Middle East. In the colonial territories, more active interference in social and economic matters, with a view to speeding the pace of development, had aroused wide opposition and strengthened nationalist movements.The economic policies of the conservative party were unconventional, such as using Keynesian economics, which was more on the socialist side. But sorting out unemployment was one of the reasons the party survived; it made them more popular with the working class. Keynes stated that Unemployment was due to a deficiency in the demand for goods and services. Governments could, by adjusting their own spending, overcome that deficiency. Control of the money supply and interest rates could also influence investment. Macmillan was convinced that this would solve the unemployment.The intervention in Suez was a disaster. US President Dwight Eisenhower was incensed. World opinion, especially that of the United States, together with the threat of Soviet intervention, forced Britain, France and Israel to withdraw their troops from Egypt. In Britain too there had been widespread outrage. A United Nations peacekeeping force was sent in to supervise the ceasefire and to restore order. The Suez Canal was cleared and reopened, but Britain in particular found it’s standing with the US weakened and its influence ‘east of Suez' diminished by the incident.Th e Suez Crisis strained Anglo-American relations, but as Cold War Allies in the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) they continued to cooperate, and by 1962 Britain had adopted the US Polaris missile system. During the period of opposition between the conservsatives and labour, the feud between the Gaitskellites and Bevanites continued. In 1954 Gaitskell and Bevan ran against each other for the position of Treasurer of the Labour Party, which was seen as a stepping-stone to the position of Party Leader.Gaitskell defeated Bevan. Following Labour's defeat in the 1955 election, Attlee announced his retirement as Party Leader. In the leadership election, the Labour left rallied around Bevan, while the Labour right was split between Gaitskell and Herbert Morrison. Gaitskell defeated both, gaining almost sixty percent of the vote, and on December 14, 1955, became both Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition. Harold Macmillan took over as Prime Minister after Eden had resigned over the Suez crises.Soon after his appointment, Macmillan took part in a Ministerial broadcast so he could introduce himself to the British people. After seeing his performance, Macmillan commented that he had the â€Å"appearance of a corpse looking out of a window† and decided to learn television techniques. With his government losing by-elections and behind in the polls, Macmillan was confident enough to create events for television. During 1959 he visited the Soviet Union and made brief tours of most European countries.In August 1959 he invited the BBC to No 10 Downing Street so a live informal discussion with the American President Eisenhower could be shown on television. Afterwards both leaders went on to a dinner party held in No 10. The broadcast gave the impression of a statesman like Macmillan who was above politics. The following week, Macmillan announced the date of a General Election, which he would win by a landslide victory. Macmillan knew that televi sion was an important part of politics.The conservative party’s reputation declined after the Suez crisis. However the conservative party managed to recover quickly, from foreign policy to housing the party changed radically, incorporating socialist policies such as Keynesian economics and increasing spending on the welfare state. Altogether the socialist side of the party played to their advantage and the party stayed in power for 13 years. The Suez crisis was handled badly by Eden but after his resignation everything improved from housing to the economy.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms Essay

I. Importance of Study Found in the Journal of Advanced Nursing, a group of Norwegian psychologists conducted an observational longitudinal study to discover whether or not there is a relationship because Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL), and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder symptoms (PTSD). Mette Senneseth, Kjersti Alsaker & Gerd Karin Natvig, conducted this study. According to the journal, the aim of the study was to examine HRQoL and PTSD symptoms in the people that attend Accident and Emergency departments (A&E), due to the fact that they suffer from some type of psychosocial crisis (Alasker et al. 2011, 403). Hereafter, this is referred to as Research 1. The study done in Research 1 revealed that there has been an interest in researching one’s quality of life, and how it correlates with one’s health. The term HRQoL refers to the â€Å"effects of health, illness and treatment on QoL† (Alasker et al. 2011, 403). There have been a number of studies that suggest that traumatic lif e events, including, but not limited to, sexual assault and military combat, have a negative effect on HRQoL. Additionally, poor HRQoL is not only associated with PTSD symptoms, but they are related to differences and modification in HRQoL, and there is a negative correlation between the two (Alasker et al. 2011, 403). The researchers hypothesized that people who seek help at A&E, suffering from such psychosocial calamites, have lower HRQoL than the general population of Norway at the time of the study, and that the participants will have improved HRQoL after two months (Alasker et al. 2011, 403). In addition, a second hypothesis predicts that participants who have high levels of PTSD symptoms at the time of the study will have reduced symptoms after the conclusion of the study at two months. Lastly, the third hypothesis wraps the study up by predicating that high levels of PTSD symptoms are associated to low HRQoL scores in a follow-up experiment (Alasker et al., 2011, 403). Found in the Cyber-psychology, Behavior and Social Networking Journal, a group of researchers conducted a study to compare the effects of VR-graded exposure therapy (VR-GET) versus treatment as usual (TAU) on people suffering from combat related PTSD (McLay et al. 2011, 223). Robert Mclay, Dennis Wood, Jennifer Webb-Murphy, James Spira, Mark Miederholf, Jeffery Pyne and Brenda  Wiederhold conducted this study. Hereafter, this is referred to as Research 2. The doctors responsible for conducting this study found that there has only been one â€Å"randomized, controlled proof-of-concept† study that was specifically designed for Active Duty Service Members suffering from PTSD (McLay et al. 2011, 223). Also, the doctors wanted to extend the â€Å"already found research gathered† from victi ms of PTSD, and take the study one step further. The researchers of Research 2 hypothesized that â€Å"patients with combat-related PTSD would be more likely to experience clinically significant improvements in VR-GET than treatment as usual† (McLay et al. 2011, 224). VR-GET is a virtual reality stimulation that combines graded virtual reality exposure with â€Å"physiologic monitoring and skills training† (McLay et al. 2011, 224). Also, VR-GET promotes engagement with, rather than escaping the events and experiences that prompt a traumatic episode. II. METHODS In regards to Research 1, the participants in the study had to meet three criteria before they were able to participate. During the recruitment period, the researchers found participants who were attending the A&E due to a â€Å"psychosocial crisis and who consulted a psychiatric nurse,† were 18 years of age or older, and those who were able to both read and understand Norwegian (Alasker et al. 2011, 404). A total of 113 were asked to participate in the study. Of those 113 people selected, 99 of the people participated in the baseline study, and 41 participated in both the baseline study, and the follow-up study. Aforementioned, this was an observational longitudinal study, where participants were observed repeatedly over a long period of time. There were two types of instruments that were used for the research in Research 1. The first instrument that was used was a SF-36 Health Survey, which is a â€Å"36 item self-report questionnaire that assesses eight domains of physical and MH ranging from 1-100† (Alasker et al. 2011, 404). In this survey, the higher score reveals the best HRQoL, and the lower score reveals the poorest HRQoL (Alasker et al. 2011, 404). The second instrument that was used for this study was the Post-traumatic Symptom Scale (PTSS-10), which is a ten item self-report questionnaire that â€Å"assesses the presence  and intensity of symptoms† (Alasker et al. 2011, 404). On the PTSS-10, scores range from 10 to 70, and a score of 35 or greater results in a PTSD diagnosis (Alasker et al. 2011, 404). In addition to the two questionnaires, participants were encouraged to go to consolations at the A&E. The number of consultations that each participant attended varies throughout the study. In regards to Research 2, â€Å"participants for the study were all Active Duty Service Members who had been diagnosed by a military mental health professional as having PTSD† related to military combat (McLay et al. 2011, 224). At the end of the baseline assessment, those who were qualified to participate in he study were asked to draw a piece of paper out of an envelop, making the selection of treatment completely random, and giving the participants an equal chance of choosing either treatment. There were a total of twenty people that participated in this study; ten assigned to the VR-GET and another ten assigned to TAU (McLay et al. 2011, 225). The two methods of Research 2 consisted of the VR-GET and the TAU. The participants that were assigned for the VR-GET had a sequence of sessions that consisted of different activities. First, the therapist would meet with the participant and discuss their trauma history. In the second session, participants were asked to reveal their more traumatic stories of their military combat and tours. In later sessions, the participant used the virtual reality helmet to relive their most traumatic events, based off of the information that was gathered about them in the earlier sessions. In each session, the participants were observed on their ability to face their fears and anxieties (McLay et al. 2011, 225). â€Å"Participants assigned to TAU could receive any of the regular services available to them at the NMCSD and NHCP. These two facilities offer full spectrum of PTSD treatment, including, but not limited to, cognitive processing therapy, prolonged exposure, and group therapy† (McLa y et al. 2011, 225). III. ANALYSIS/RESULTS Analysis The researchers for Research 1 used the two self-report questionnaires to gather their data. In addition, the researchers processed the data using  statistical analysis with the help of SPSS16 Processor for Windows (Oslo, Norway). The researcher for this study wants to compare the results of the two surveys with the general population of Norway, and to succeed with that, they used SF-36 data through the Norwegian Coordinated Living Conditions Survey from 2002, consisting of 5131 people (Alasker et al. 2011, 405). In Research 2, it was found that participants in the baseline study had lower norm-based scores in all eight HRQoL domains in comparison to the general population of Norway. In the follow-up study, two months later, the â€Å"participants still had lower norm-based scores than the general population of Norway, but participants had improved their HRQoL in five of the eight domains from the baseline study to the follow-up study† (Alasker et al. 2011, 406). In regard to the PTSS-10 questionnaire in Research 1, among the participants in the baseline study, 79% of them had a PTSS-10 score that was 35, expressing high levels of PTSD symptoms (Alasker et al. 2011, 406). At the follow-up, â€Å"59% of the participants had a PTSS-10 score that was 35, which shows high levels of PTSD symptoms, which can indicate a risk of developing PTSD† (Alasker et al. 2011, 406). The researchers for Research 2 aimed to identify which of the VR-GET or TAU would yield a greater percentage of participants with a â€Å"clinically meaningful reduction in PTSD† (McLay et al. 2011, 225). The researcher succeeded in deepening their research by investigating the â€Å"difference in CAPS scores at an initial assessment and then at the post-treatment assessment in VR-GET versus TAU† (McLay et al. 2011, 226). The CAPS is a â€Å"rating scale for PTSD that corresponds with the 17 symptoms of PTSD† (McLay et al. 2011, 226). Participants were classified according to whether or not they had a 30% of larger reduction of their PTSD based on the results of their CAPS. ii. Analysis Results Taking a look at Research 1, and the question concerning whether or not there is a link between PTSD symptoms and HRQoL, researchers looked at the differences in SF-36 scores between PTSS-10 subgroups in a follow-up study (Alasker et al. 2011, 406). â€Å"The PTSS-10 high scoring and low scoring subgroups at the 2-month follow-up differed in all eight of the HRQoL domains in the follow up study† (Alasker et al. 2011, 406). In addition, the PTSS-10 low scoring participants had improved HRQoL in six out of the eight domains (Alasker et al. 2011, 407). In regards to Research 2, all ten of the participants assigned to the VR-GET were assessed with the CAPS at the post-assessment. Seven out of the ten participants showed an improvement of 30% or more on the CAPS. On the other hand, out of the ten participants that were assigned to the TAU, one did not complete a CAPS assessment. Nevertheless, one out of the nine returning participants receiving the TAU revealed more than a 30% improvements on the CAPS (McLay et al. 2011, 226). â€Å"There was no significant difference between VR-GET and TAU average CAPS scores both before and after the treatments, but there was indeed a significant difference in the average CAPS score over the course of the entire treatment† (McLay et al. 2011, 226). IV. DISCUSSION Results Summary Concerning Research 1’s first hypothesis, participants of the study reported lower HRQoL compared to the general population of Norway in all eight HRQoL domains (Alasker et al. 2011, 408). In regards to the second hypothesis, participants in Research 1 reported high levels of PTSD symptoms at the time of the baseline experiment. Furthermore, PTSS-10 scores did improve from the time of the baseline experiment to the follow-up. The results show that PTSD symptoms decrease for people suffering from a psychosocial crisis in the 2 months after attending the A&E (Alasker et al. 2011, 408). Lastly, concerning the questions if there is a link between the level of PTSD symptoms and HRQoL in the follow-up study, the researchers found that a â€Å"high level of PTSD symptoms after a two month period were linked to lower HRQoL† (Alasker et al. 2011, 408). Results for Research 2 Strengths and Weaknesses In regards to Research 1, there are many strengths and lurking variables that should be pointed out. One strength of the study was that they  progress of the study was completely up to the participant. The participant had the option as to how may consultations they wanted to attend, and the varied decisions led to different results. Another strength of the study was that they used instruments that were both appropriate to the study, and reliable. On the contrary, there were several confounding variables in Research 1 that must be acknowledged. First, there is no evidence that anyone in this trial was on any sort of anti-depressant or medication that would affect his or her scores on the SF-36 and the PTSS-10. Also, there are so many different traumatic events that would cause someone to show symptoms of PTSD. The study should limit its participants to those who experienced similar types of trauma. As for Research 2, there were also strengths and weaknesses to the study. As for its strengths, the doctors did a good job through their selections process to select a small group of people who were highly qualified for this study. Also, the exam that was used to measure the severity of the participants PTSD was based off of seventeen symptoms of PTSD, whereas the instrument used in Research 1 (PTSS-10) only focused on ten symptoms of PTSD. Lastly, the ten-week span of the study was appropriate in yielding results. Just like any other study, there are confounding variables that need to be identified for Research 2. Although the goal was to get the participants in for a reassessment at the conclusion of the study (ten weeks), reassessment for some did not occur until as far as 36 weeks. With that being said, participants have plenty of time to have a relapse, or more time in combat that can result in more severe PTSD. iii. Future Directions The researchers of Research 1 suggest that a â€Å"randomized control trial with a control group is needed to investigate the effect of the psychosocial interactions that are given to this group† (Alasker et al. 2011, 407). In addition, they suggest that it is crucial to get more, information about the long term effects of acute crisis intervention on PTSD symptoms and HRQoL â€Å"given by psychiatric nurses to participants† (Alasker et al. 2011, 410). The researchers of Research 2 also have some suggestions for further directions of this research. It was stated that other studies on the topic  of virtual reality therapy on PTSD victims, improvements in symptoms aren’t visible until sometimes three months after treatment. For future studies there needs to be a longer wait time for the follow-ups so that there can be the most accurate results. In addition, the journal states that careful monitoring of the participants is also something that needs to be done more thorough in the future because a participants overall health, aside from PTSD, must be taken into consideration when the researchers are making observations and conclusions about the participants (McLay et al. 2011, 226). Works Cited Mette Senneseth, Kjersti Alsaker, Gerd Karin Natvig. (2011). Health-related Quality of Life and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Accident and Emergency Attenders Suffering From Psychosocial Crises: a Longitudinal Study, Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(2), 402-414. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.rocky.iona.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=6c7164f6-d4f6-4ce6-8a46-f1ad579caf63%40sessionmgr15&vid=5&hid=24 Robert N. Mclay, Dennis P. Wood, Jennifer A. Webb-Murphy, James L. Spira, Mark D. Wiederhold, Jeffery M. Pyne, Brenda K. Wiederhold. (2011). A Randomized, Control Trial of Virtual Reality-Graded Exposure Therapy for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Active Duty Service Members with Combat-Related Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking Volume 14, Issue 4. Retrieved from http://web.ebscohost.com.rocky.iona.edu:2048/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=61603dcf-c639-423e-8f1e-365db0b36d61%40sessionmgr13&vid=4&hid=24

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